hello doctors so welcome again for another session this time it is about upsc CMS 2020 recall questions to my surprise almost 35 questions have been asked from microbiology 28 of nearly 28 questions are directly us and rest of the questions are integrated with either medicine gyne or pharmacology PSM type so it looks a lot of important questions we have here and the question standard is almost equal to your uh you know need PG or next exam could say or also fmg and inict also so let's start the discussion now okay the first question if you see the first question the question was asked the gas gangly the gas gangrene resulting in crepitos in tissue and a sweet smelling sweet smelling fine or smelling eggs today you know that whenever this thing comes what you will think your answer should be what is your answer most of you know that whenever the gas gangrene comes it is your close Freedom preferences the other name is also called as well child right it's called well chai is the answer so how to remember this yeah let's go to this picture let's talk about question I'm seeing in these years it has been frequently Asked okay so this is the gas gang and this picture is the gas gangrene if you see there is a gas and there is a gangrene okay there's a gangrene the black colored tissue main system the tissue has got gangery the only thing when I see gangrene what comes to my mind is this one this is what nagarjun right so I'm just going to come now okay this is a clue how I'm going to remember first of all it's very simple nagarjun in the movie what happened while shooting for a movie he had a kangaroo so why inauguration there can be any actress who's getting yes he's getting gangrene I know but I'll give you the clue why it was first thing look at him this is what is this one e uh why I kept nagar to name the reason is very simple it's because of negle's reaction neglers reaction okay neglass reaction that's the reason why I kept the name and nagarjun is what he's Mr Perfect he is Mr Perfect okay he is Mr Perfect that means why he's Mr Perfect and also is Mr well you know I call him Mr well good guy okay that means the idea is Mr Perfect for welcome the idea is close to idiom perforing is the closed Stadium the cost of agent is the other names you should come in your mind okay so he said Mr Perfect Mister that's the name okay Mr Perfect and one more thing he has a he has a gun what is a gun name listen is gun you see this gun this is lazy thing is gun okay let's see this gun because this is also called Alpha he's Alpha man right he's Alpha Man Alpha man and he has legitimus gun because this is the main gorillas Factor lecithin is an alpha man means it is the main toxin main valence Factor it is the main virulence Factor okay remember he has a gun okay fine and the gun he always has a Target so what is that it's called Target hemolysis Target hemolysis so before going that why I said this one why I say Mr neglass Direction This Is The Necklace reaction you see this is an egg yolk agar this is the egg yolk agar you take an egg yolk agar and then what you do you streak your perforations like this and if you see opalescence like this like this you see an opalescence like this then that is positive okay that means it forms of polices but on the other side if there is anti-toxin then you launch the opalescence that means this legitimate is what happened toxin or Alpha toxin Alpha man I call them Alpha man because the toxin is Alpha toxin other than Ms residinase which is responsible for causing the gas gangrene okay so it costs the egg yolk so this question can come neglect reaction is frequently Asked question it's a type of neutralization reaction and you you do it in again okay that's very simple and then I said Target uh human target this is Target humanist what do you mean by Target hemolysis it's a double Zone you see it's like a Target you have a Target you know the hemolysis Target that means it's a double Zone this is also called double Zone double Zone hemolysis double Zone hemolysis that's what so I say nagarjun always has what he has a Target okay then Target finds it what about this what is this uh and one more thing you know what his favorite thing is she likes to drink litmus milk litmus milk okay so there is one more question can be asked lit muscle fermentation so if you forget in the exam most of you must be remembering I know doctors you guys remember me there are some doctors who at end you know in 19 subjects when you're reading it get volatile and your chance of forgetting is very that's what I wanted to remember Mr Perfect nagarjun or Mr very loud so Mr Perfect means it's close to your perfect ranges nagarjun is because of necklace reaction it becomes easy right then he has a he has this uh he has this list in his gun and he can't what that Nicholas reaction means that is this operations okay and he has a gun that is a toxin and there's always a Target good Target that's what you call Double Zone hemolysis okay in blood sugar you can see this and here see yes litmus mean he's a special guest waitress Witness and one more thing is that he has scars you see so many carbs he has so that means Mr Perfect the Mr Perfect means what it's a boxcar appearance in Gram stain you see box score appearance the word car again the box score and this is a gram positive and a gram positive basically performing also we'll talk about that in a while okay score forming boxcar whenever the word car comes the rich guy is Naga nagarjun okay Mr Perfect Club student perforing so you'll never ever made this question is repeated many times all these were repeated gangreneursis to everything was repeated that's what I'm giving this clue and one more thing there's some stupidity about nagarjuna so what is it pretty Mr negle Mr Perfect stupidity he calls reverse camp usually people do normal cap okay normal come classic example you know group B streptococcus that is your streptococcus okay that's different we'll come there later so but you know who else uh this crazy you know who but but nagarjun you know what it is reverse Camp reverse Camp why in Reverse Comfort normal camp in the central you know the central zone with the staff are used but here you know what at the center sticking issue streptococcus okay to become a septic organism and this tricking is your clostridium perfring just close Studio perforations okay perfect that's what okay that's the reason reverse Camp okay and one more thing we have to remember is that it is the he always wears a cap okay and his only capsulated non-metal these are the features you have to remember when come for gas gangrene clusterium performan just Mr Perfect Naga okay got it so this is a neglass section your double Target any of the picture can boxcar up in you see this box car these are like a boxing they're like a small small box Cut that's what and here in a reverse campaign you see you call this a butterfly shaped butterfly shaped or Wing shaped you know the this hemolysis that is basically a camp that's a camp test okay that's it okay now we are going to so it is much about the gas game this much you should know and then gas can you in future you know what happened whenever there's a gas kangaroo because of this alpha toxinated alpha and aggression the gases filled so when you press that place what happens you'll have first of all that will be severe pain whenever there's a ganglion you'll have severe pain Plus Pain what you have you will have a creepy tooth when you press the gas it's obvious right it's like a gas it's a gas is formed so when you press it you get a carpet use and one more thing is that uh one more thing apart from matrices you you see this discharge with this fault smelling discharge that is some some people say sweet but it is you know uh I would say fall smelling fault smelling edema but here we call this malignant edema so please remember these are the importance these are the clue words for gas gangster and their gas can use one important topic this much only you remember nagarjun's story very easy everything goes easy all these Clues whatever good Mr Perfect Mr Alpha Man Target hemolysis if he drinks litmus milk so crazy and he's very lazy non-mutton encapsulated and he can't reverse camp and he has a lot of cost box finish this super glossium performances okay so you never ever forget you're going to do great in this one okay all right now so your answer should be definitely close to the imperfing just nothing else backwards also another another uh an arrow but it doesn't cause gas gangrene clap shellan best anthraxis is totally different it don't cause gas tank it causes you know the anthraxis subcutaneous you know you remember old Saturn the what are the diseases wool shorter Harry Potter and wolves are there right Harry Potter cutaneous Anthrax and Ultra the wool sorter is basically pulmonary Anthrax that's an Anthrax okay that's encryption is totally different case okay yes so this is the first question second question again see two times they ask this Cascade that means gas game is important most of the time in fmg casting equations always there now look at this becomes very easy now we just saw the picture now so you guys can answer very easily right doctors so you can answer me now so uh correct statement uh regarding gas gangery it is caused by just know why we spoke about gas again gangreneursion it is Mr Perfect so it's closer to perfect so tetanus is out so we will forget about tetanus you don't even think about tetanus so it's closer imperf ranges but inclusive it's gram negative aerobic or it's gram positive anaerobic so that is very important so you just saw the picture before this picture it is what gram positive so it is a gram positive and it is definitely anaero okay that's not important so I'll give you small clue how to remember you guys must be knowing when you talk about the gram positive what color it looks which is purple when you talk about gram stroke it looks purple and just I show in the picture so the shortcut for this is McDonald's you know where all of you must be knowing by this step McDonald's all positive people go to McDonald's okay McDonald's it's junk food but still you know positive people go to McDonald's that's a shortcut okay so now what are the clue for micro bacterium mycobacterium TB or mycobacterium a for your actinomysis actually we have two actually a A1 for action one for Anthrax okay Anthrax okay and C4 we have two things one is the uh this is the close Studio we are talking now what we talk now close to idiom so close tritium came here yeah D for diphtherium coronaval cream diphtheria you remember diphtheria n is nothing n for no cardia you know n for no cardiac and L for your listeria that is common solution usually and yes it's important your two eyes you remember step and step two step and step two that's it staff and so this is the gram positive gram positive or purple in color or Violet in color they're cool so purple in color so McDonald's remember rest all will be your Gram native rest all all other bacteria which comes they will be the gram-negative organism okay which is pink in color I always say negative people are pink you know Angry Pink you can see some girls who are you know very negative or boys they're very pink color okay it's not open anymore just to remember Okay negative people are pink color okay the rest always that's fine now uh now they say arrow for anaero okay when you talk about air over once again yeah and now they talk about a rope or an arrow so how to remember so if you remember anaerobics most of them are error when you talk about an arrow when you talk about an arrow the shortcut is what you know when you get inside a cab there is no oxygen no oxygen inside the cap no oxygen inside the cab no oxygen inside the cap so see for your closed radium see for a closed idiom a for your actinomyces actinomyces okay and B for your bacteroid is bacteroid is bacteroid is okay bacteroid is these are the envelopes common and Europe so clusterium is here okay clostridium is here clostridium is gram positive and it's anaerobic remember when you sit inside hola or your Uber cab what happened this this rapid also when you see it insert there is no oxygen aneurope so cap so closely vectors B for bacteroids okay it's not bacillus please be careful with that okay that's one thing no sport for me when you talk about the Spore forming you know uh Spore forming you have to remember only only you know it's very easy BC remember BC just BC B for bacillus this Anthrax is basically serious all those stuffs and the other you see for clostridia that's it these are the two important Spore forming bacterias of course there's one more see cocciella also coccy alarm here if you want to remove that as you can remember coxella boronetti not muchas but at least basilis and chlorine you should remember both are gram posters performing but basis Aero are close to Ms and nerve or you remember close close when you close anything oxygen yeah so that shows the clue clusterium is you close no oxygen or if you want to remember cap you remember easily it comes okay that means so your answer is clostridium per fringes if you talk a little bit about the spores you know Sports if you serve if you see the basiliska if you if you see the Basilisk the spores in the bacillus would be in the center okay it would be in the center non-bulging okay for bacillus basically sport but what about the clostridium Spore your cholesterol would be usually bulging bulging it could be terminal or it could be subterminal or it could be Center it can be anywhere different depth that is one thing okay B is in the center not 12g and see the the Spore is bulging that's it this is a few things you should know about the sports okay and individual tetanus and teresium or terminal Sport and tetanus come now how does pore look like it's a drumstick appearances pores and turmeric drums your tennis racket happiness tennis racket R is the racket so tertium okay that I don't want to bring everything here that means it will take a lot of time so I just you know skipping it so this is the clue for basic Clues how to remember okay give you now easy I gave you the permit McDonald's don't forget campus to McDonald's and then cab 400 that's most important thing okay yes now the next question look at this all the risk factors of hepatitis C Virus Infection except okay Severus infection you know we have you see this that means you should know all the transmission of all the hepatitis viruses so now see wave it is a b c d and e family first of all the family is an important question they can ask any time usually ask usually asked in many exams so let us see what are the important things you should know in the uh thing okay hepatitis A uh a virus belongs to you know always I say a class Peak I would always say a class pick these questions for us okay the families B is the only DNA virus all or RNA viruses only DNA viruses is your in hepatitis is your hbv so this is what this is called Hep DNA virus have DNA have DNA virus we call Hep DNA virus c c I always remember C for chocolate flavor you know C I write it here C for chocolate flavor choco flavor so flavor Cuba lemonade C belongs to flabby virus flavivirus very simple you had always they asked question in pick or no or in hcv one questions and this also which is the only DNA virus in hepatitis virus it's your b b okay and D is they don't have any specific family or not they usually it's a friend of B well with this question in that also e is he belongs to you know what is Easy E e c e c okay easy we know which is easy microbiology is easy okay microbiology with me is easy when you study with me Micro budget doctors it's easy so the idea is calci virus calcium virus okay calci virus E4 calcium virus okay EC which is easy when you read micro with me that's it okay already remember okay a classic any flabby very simple this one question what about the root you know A and D is always okay it is food or food or the water what about the other viruses when you talk about B virus you know sex is the most common route followed by sex is the blood transfusion IV IV drug or IV user you know IV Canada whatever transmission ID under vertical mother to child these are the possible okay in a c also almost same but here more it is through the what IV which most most here more would be blood transmission and the IV but it can come and d Almost same like uh it is almost same like this only again blood transfusion IV drug vertical all these things are possible okay so now we are coming to the question so what is what is what we have to remember here so the answer is so you know the risk of hepatitis C versus infection is IV drug user definitely uh except they ask the accept which is not so I will say yes vertical transmission is possible razor and that yes that's what you are with these days you know in Barbers they made that every time you have to change the blades yeah new blade and new uh well saving the patient they're told not that's because of this one of the reasons not so this is the answer this is not the way how hepatitis C virus will spread okay that's it okay yes now the next question uh this question also very interesting question you can see what is the marker in the window period of hepatitis B infection hepatitis B infection okay so let me go short very so fast okay uh you know but if it is you know you know the because markers are very very important in Infinity when you talk about Hepatitis B hepatitis virus the markers are very very important so what all markers we are first of all let's say this we have hepatitis uh be antigen and then we have what hepatitis antibody to the Hepatitis B okay antibody then we have Hepatitis B E antigen and then we have antibody 2 antibody 2 this HB okay and then we have HBC antigen and then antibody to this is it could be anti-hbc IGM or it could be and the HBC IGG okay right okay now you have to know when each marker increases in the blood increase in the blood water the diet what is your diagnostic okay you are doing whenever whenever you are spreading a patient with a joint is when a patient is having jaundice and you know uh hepatomegaly or liver cirrhosis or any symptom abdomen pain when you think about any liver issue then you're going to check all the markers for all the viruses so one important thing is for Hepatitis B virus so when you do for Hepatitis B virus so whatever these are the markers you should come because these are the these are the answers when you when you look at Hepatitis B virus if you remember the outer covering would be the surface and I'm writing a rough figure it's not real figure so outer surface is the surface antigen and inside the surface would be the E antigen okay out and then the center one would be the core antigen okay these are the three things you are that you know very clearly now whenever a surface antigen Rises remember the shortcut to remember is that this first one second one third one whenever the surface antigen is there you say yes or no you say yes or no infection is yes or no okay you just say yes or no so when the S antigen is there if it is positive you say infection is positive if it is not there no that's it okay you say what about ant HP yes antibody already if the antibodies formed means the patient is in recovery the patient is recovery or she might be vaccinated obvious no vaccinated okay so that's what you have to always check for anti-h to check for vaccinated or not also we're checking this one day okay okay yes means yes or no if an antibody already formulas there is no infection right if HBS antigen is there antigenous the virus it's antigen okay when our body produces the antibody against it means what we are already in recovery period right it's easy you know yes or no shortcut is yes or no something is dangerous all the dangerous things so whenever you see evil you see that means there is increased what pathogenicity pathogenicity there is increased replicability replicability the Hepatitis B virus is duplicating very more its pathogens is very more and increased severity also increased severity also that means it's the worst the prognosis is very bad okay so these things but if there is already antibody against this if there's antibody against the E antigen anti-hp image everything is low all these things they decrease pathogenicity decrease replicability and decrease severity okay very simple e for Enemy enemy means all bad things if it's antigen is there everything bad if antibodies formed everything is good okay so okay this one this is one thing I'm just going to mark it here so it's clear yeah now what about c c shortcut is chronicity chronic means C chronic that means C tells whether it is acute or chronic but what the antibody not the engine because this antigen never comes to blood never comes to blood it is in Center it never comes to blood okay so it is in the center it never comes with Miss it's useless the test is useless HPC antigen test is not there so only antibody we have if it is IGM or g m means you know always it is acute it means patient is acute hepatitis B infection if G is formed it is chronic it is chronic infection this is the basic thing you should know every year you have question on that okay yes means infection is there or not it's a basic screening this is a HP system basic screening okay if you remember this also called as Australian antigen Australian yes okay that was also asking question it was asked in previous exams okay Australian anti we call this Australian antigen it's for screening test any screening test or you you do just hbsag checking only that's yes SMS Yes means no but if you want to check the whether antibodies produced or not you do hbsh it says weather backward of Android or vaccinated okay they will tell you because to know you're vaccinated or not okay that's what this is important okay then hpe means I told Enemy enemy enemy so everything is C is there for chronicity only the antibodies G is chronic anything that is now our question is which is the marker in the window period window period what is the windows you look at this picture window period means let's see look at this very nice picture I love this picture uh in this picture if you see uh you see her this is the uh the graph the infection started someone had sex or iv used and the Hepatitis B virus has just entered into his body there is some period called the first thing is incubation period during incubation period you might not see anything incubation period is a time of infection till the first symptom to appear so you don't see anything only thing is possible you do PCR every time during incubation period PCR is the best because PCR even one virus is there it will show positive that's what we're doing PCR we don't use that much okay so you forget about it so only when the symptom comes patience will come for you so that means after incubation period only the first antigen to rise is your HBS this is the first answer that's the question this is the first antigen to Rice our first test to rise whatever okay that's a question a screen that's what it is screening test also okay right then after that see during this time it goes course then there is also something called window pair this window produced a time when the antibodies started to form for this HBS this HBS and cynical antibody form the time between the uh the anti the antigen entry to the anti the antibody to appear that window period time is the you see the HPS antigen is going going till here and then it takes some time for anti-hps antibody to form so that time Gap during that window period that window period during that window period what happened it during this window period hbse also can be there okay but but what happened you have other markers which one your anti-hbc IGM so this is two ringer window period this one during this period you might apart from HBS AG you might get that's what but anti-hbc IGM is much better answer so for window period and HBC IGM is important it's rice okay that's the question so let's go back so if you see her so if the question comes like this and they ask you in window period which is the best you will say anti-hbc IGM during that window period between that antigen disappearance and antibody appearance HPS the only characteristic one would be hit by IGM HBS AG also right but we don't have HBS AG but ideally the best one is here this thing so for window period this is the best IGM this acute what we said this not only tells about acute infection also for during the window period for the window period also this is very very important your igms HBC IGM is important for you acute and plus window period during window periods the best markup or this is the first antibody to rise you can see this is the first antibody to rise also okay first first antigen to rise is your first antigen to write issue is your uh hpsag the first antibody to rise is your HBC igr that's it this is the question okay right so now you got you finished this question now next question again hepatitis very important I saw a lot of questions were asked these days so now see presence of hbe antigen in HPV infection suggestive of now clue you don't have to think too much e is there so e means what e means it is the e means it's Enemy enemy means everything is very high what are high replication is high pathogenicity is high severity is also High prognosis is very bad so what is the answer active replication of HBO exactly you got it active uh the replication is happening very much okay so that is the answer acute you don't say acute means we should rise IGM of HBC HB HB c a g i GM chronic means you should have IG G should be raised okay carrier nothing for Carrier you don't have to cover image this HBS sometimes say for carrier and also it's fine okay so acute replication is the answer okay that's fine just you got it okay very good now next one now simultaneous see this question when there's a simultaneous infection of hepatitis b and d virus for followed by full recovery associated with appearance of so you know the clue you always uh you must be you must I'm sorry yeah you always know that hepatitis D virus this is this can't survive alone it's also called Delta virus or Delta agent yeah Delta DL the Delta virus yeah this is always it has to go with the Hepatitis B virus when it can't survive alone so these two only they cause infection either they to same time they can cause something that is called co-infection co-infection we call this co-infection or super infection super infection okay super super infection means first the patient is already having hepatitis B virus infection on top of that what happened hepatitis D virus will come okay that is called super infection now the trick so uh coin fiction everybody knows now how to know how what is the difference the difference is that whenever there is a core infection it usually it ends in acute hepatic infection you usually have a acute liver infection on you'll have acute liver infection but when there's a super infection it becomes what it becomes chronic and fulminant it will be dangerous you need to become full minute full minute but not in the acute acute mates fine usually patient record after acute infection so there's a core infection patient will go acute unusually recover so whenever co-infection acute means which antibody has to increase your thinking to increase IG M to increase right so if it's a chronic then it would be IGG IGG now come to the question here they say simultaneous they didn't give co-infection this is simultaneous Whenever two friends are going together everything will be fine you understand when two friends are walking together any type of danger comes you can compensate that's what it is just acute infection right but if a two or one is going front and one is coming back or one joining him later in between anything can happen so it's dangerous that's what in super infection you get chronic and follow me and it's the most common hepatitis D what is most common cause of fulminant infection when there is super infection that is the question apart from Hepatitis E virus okay so now your answer so what happened the patient now Under full recovery so that means he just had an acute infection acute infection and he's already in recovery acute infection and then he is now under recovery infection and now he's undergoing recovery so recovery means what should be there the immunoglobulin should have rise acute means the hdv itself should be there no antigen should be there now is recovery means so igem should be raised so high title of igd IGM very very simple to only one concept co-infection is acute so IGM super infection means it's crony so IGG very simple okay so don't make mistakes this is important question again okay yes now next H pylori now H pylori uh H pylori it is also interesting to me associated with which malignancy you know that H pylori means itself it is the stomach okay it is systemic H pylori means the uh the location of the H pylori is always your stomach right stomach mini right there right pylori so uh you know that what happened okay see you most of them know the answer but again for some students again who has problem with the micro for them I wanted to give some Clues okay now so uh H pylori uh pylori Lori okay what happened during a lowering function you eat lot of things use lot of food nuts that this so many things you eat right and also what you drink malt it's for fun at a lorry night Lori nightmare you you drink malt okay night and and Lori's usually celebrate at night time you know night time what is this there's lot of Star right lot of stars in the sky and of course uh okay now lot of food why lot of food because the food will go to the stomach so main reason is you know in stomach my H pylori lives in the stomach and it causes ulcer ulcer and different type of cancer malt because when you drink malt what happened H pylori makes into maltoma maltoma remember that's what I want to say so remember Lori Lori function you drink mild that's what you get Oma okay this this is a clue okay clue okay so in glory function you eat a lot of nuts and malt you drink maltes like a beer not so you drink it and then you get what maltoma so Lori functions but not only that H pylori causes most important cause of what gastric carcinoma it usually causes the gas okay that's this is the main important thing that I want to stress maltoma and uh Mark demand gastric ulcer you know gastritis and gastric culture commonly used everything is because of H pylori now the answer is small Toma so what about this burkits and Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma it is caused by your favorite Epstein bar whereas our favorite epstein-bar virus okay when some questions we'll discuss we have a lot of clue for the EBV also I mean Epstein-Barr virus other T Cell work is caused by uska viruses leukemia virus itself okay same now I said nights because HPR taught user we will discuss it's a nice and star why is start because starry Starry Martin Starry sting okay okay that's that's one more thing okay uh it's a silver case it's a Silverstone everything looks black black color Okay curved uh it's a curved Basel I know so that thing that's whatever okay I remember because of star you remember what is such important question okay now we have other question there also so these are important things the special stain we use and a lot of food okay that's it but you know milestone for h pylori means stomach Lorry function means that's it okay helicobacter pylori full name now let's go to a topic same again they asked one question same from here they asked investigation of choice during the follow-up of patient who had anti-h pylori drugs anti-h pylori tracks okay so anti-hper truck we're not going to discuss because we don't have much time and that is more uh medicine or Pharma question but basically what happened you have that if you remember there is for ant H positive drugs we have quadruple therapy and triple therapy core triple therapy and triple therapy for h pylori treatment right HP treatment quadruple so uh here in quadruple therapy it's basically your you're using a uh uh this month it's with a basement okay it's with a bismuth this is a no basement without basement okay with basement you are giving Waters you're giving uh metronidazole and then you're giving tetracycline tetracycline and then one more thing is what uh other clarithromycin claritro mycin okay yeah uh uh so for triple therapy without this thing you're going to use the uh of with PPI okay with PPA this all things goes with PPI proton pump inhibitor proton pump inhibitor that's what they call uh OB uh you know obtm this is uh ocm different type of combinations quadruple listing okay with these drugs in triple therapy it would be bismuth will not be there instead of that what PPI along with ppi is basically Omeprazole with PPA we are going to give what Metro or it could be a MOX amoxicillin plus Clarita three drugs only Clarity throw okay like this this combination this is the combination of that thing okay so now this is more you will read there's a lot of shortcuts remember also uh I I think Parma teachers will tell you I don't want to mix everything so what happened now these treatment you're taking to eradicate the H pylori now the patient is taking the treatment coming to you for a follow-up so which is the test you are going to advise for him which is the test first let me see the answer then we'll go Furious breath test Rapid urease stool antigen serology for the h pylor which is the best one here the best answer is your urease breath test okay urea breath test that is urase enzyme detecting okay that's what I told lorim is okay it's because of H pylori so now urea's birth is the best risk stool antigen also can be used but the best is this only if urea brother is knotted then you can go for stool antigen for h p l so we can do okay so now a little bit about the diagnosis of the H pylori okay little bit let's see now so what are the things you have to remember now uh we have two tests non-invasive we have non-invasive non-invasive test for h pylori and invasive test we have invasive invasive test okay two to HW tests are very important medicine point of view also known as microbiological point of view also okay so if you remember here now I'll tell you non-inducive test may this is the Curious breath which is the very most commonly used screening test prognosis test easy test screening test everything is this one ureth breath test this is the most commonly used one okay non-reason is Just Breath analysis tell the patient to give this capsule urea capsule he'll take and Urus broke down into what by urease engine stomachs break into ammonia and other compound so CO2 compound when that comes out we are capturing the breath and seeing how mature is that is one thing otherwise we do stool antigen test allies it's a basically stool engine is basically Eliza test an Eliza test and of course you do uh serological testosters we can do that is like other analysis and everything you can do okay that's it in invasive test means what you do you do biopsy you take a biopsy you're invasive no so you take a endoscopic biopsy endoscopic biopsy and that biopsy you're going to do what you're going to do a stain that is I told you grams and also working just now we told working study night mysterious Terry strain or you do a culture if you remember culture is same campaign what's the culture's heroes media cam flow back to HP is the same it is what your rapid ureas rapid uterus is basically tissue say you make your detector you take the tissue and then you put it into the solution under check for you is there right that is invasive so these are the few tests we have all our important questions you must know okay that's it okay now finish this is so you know that okay edible is very easy now next one okay uh now the next question here is look here which is the following is not the which of the following is not a major criteria of modified Dukes criteria modified that is basically Duke's credit we're talking about the Dukes here so if you remember the Dukes if you remember the Duke's criteria okay let me just take it ah so if you remember the Duke's criteria yeah uh let's talk about the you know in which this is the Duke's criteria comes for Duke's criteria modified Dukes criteria only okay Dukes criteria it comes in which one you must be no it must be in your fingertips but Dukes is very important which is infective endocarditis effective endocard that is infective endocarditis yeah infective endocarditis infections can be caused by Common staphylococcus aureus we'll talk about Native also staph aureus it's a prosthetic wall which is cones or if it is Subacute it is Subacute or damaged hot oil then it is your vividance groups group okay so that's a common one we have any bacteria can cause of course so when you talk about Duke's criteria you have two criterias we have a major criteria and then we have the minor criteria we have major and then the minor criterias so what are the major and the minor criteria the shortcut for this is very easy the shortcut is what B timer shortcut is simply B the timer B the timer be the timer you know what Duke is always uh okay let me come the first position then we'll come there so major criteria only to do me one will be for blood culture the blood culture the blood culture should be positive the blood culture should be positive at least how much two times two uh two times in 12 hour gap two culture should be positive which giving the same organism okay except cocciola that one culture is enough that you don't remember so much blood culture should be positive number one okay and E for echo in Echo what you would find is any changes in the world in the world there should be a new access a new abscess or there should be a new or there should be a new Mass or if it is a prosthetic wall if it's a prosthetic wall what do you expect in a prosthetic wall there should be a d sensor tier you know decency means something like a tear it should be there so these should be in your echo in Echo your wall should have a wall or endometrium yeah I'm sorry endocardium endocardium endometrium is uterus sorry endocardium you have all these changes should be there okay either abscess or mass or this that is the major criteria in minor criteria a lot of money the T4 temperature the temperature should be you should have a fever that your patient should have a fever more than 30 degrees Celsius fever iPhone there should be immunological changes immunity when you talk about immunological changes the most important relations you're going to talk here is what Rod spot Rod spot and the other one is your oslers nor oslose node Road spot oscillus node okay Road spot oscillus node okay oscillos node and also it could be your first chapter uh sorry glomer I'm not possible it's just a glomerular nephritis or rheumatoid arthritis anything related with immune complex that's what immunological changes M for microbial evidences but other than non-culture not the culture one other one like serology any serological test suggestive of microology okay micro microbe okay and E4 is the embolism embolism or vascular event embolism event or any vascular event you call vascular changes vascular changes should be there in the end otherwise any embolism leads to Hemorrhage you know any Hemorrhage any Hemorrhage in the eye or in the brain any Hemorrhage okay at least remember January e for embolism janway embolism okay and or for other risk factors risk factors means IV drug users IV drug users a prosthetic wall prosthetic wall these things okay very easy okay v b timer B timer okay B timer is very very important okay so now let's go to the question so you see the question in this question which is not the major criteria new partial prosthetical disease yes we just said we said in a cook audio in Echo if there is any new world this is that is a major criteria so this is the positive blood pressure definitely B for B so positive blood culture right okay and then Rod spot definitely I forgot to tell you in Echo not only mass and this thing even if you see in a world regurgitation also regurgitation also that is a echo finding excuse me so any water change in the Echo finding okay so this is the answer now same again there was the same guy I don't know why they love asking the same questions I think see this question again here they asked which one of the following is the vascular manifestation when they think my vascular manifestation it means the embolism event they're talking about the embolism embolism right embolism just we saw right now just before we saw Ursula's node Rod spot gomeran effect is these three are what even these three are immune complex even they are immune complex they are the immunological event or immune Complex events okay minor criteria but embolism or vascular event means or brain hemorrhage or any brain hemorrhage so these things will be the what vascular event so these are the manifestations okay so that is one thing you should remember now look at this picture uh look at this picture you know uh this question can be like this also you know what uh I would remember uh you told Dukes we talked about Dukes you know Dukes he's a he's a big timer he's a b-timer for who Roja Roja remember s Roja why Roja R for Osmos and Jen with these all are in infective endocardials okay it's not a criteria based I'm just giving oh one more thing I forgot I'm just coming back here uh listen here in major minor criteria to say it is a definite diagnosis I forgot to tell that when you want to say definite diagnosis you should have how much how much major and how much minor you should have two major Plus 1 minor or you should have one major one major plus three minor or you should have five minor even just with five minor also you can say rest anything comes that those are probable diagnosis okay so this is the definite diagnosis of infective endocarditis is by induced criteria is this two major one or one major three and five minor okay please remember that also that can be also question so now uh now listen here so Roja arpa this is the raw spot in retina you have a bleeding that's called Road spot due to you mean complex bleeding okay and this is the oscillos node these These are the sports roads part okay these nodes May what do you think that is called oslas nerd oslers not very interesting these are this also due to immune complex okay but J due to vascular but this is the one you see on the palms and the palms and hands generally listen this is because of the embolism we just spoke right embolism because of the embolism vascular event okay so this picture comes easy Road spot oscillus and this thing so it's a geologic infective and decorities okay sir you told about this much but what about the common infections caused yes very simple when you talk about infective endocarditis let's say like this each the most overall infection overall infective endocarditis overall or acute infected most common cause what is most common cause important then you should know prosthetic word and if you know in prosthetic wall which is the most common infection and what is the most common cause of damaged or Subacute damage means always Subacute damage means always have support acute infective endocardism which one and IV drugs IV drug users May which is the most common one and in IBM if it is the left side IV and if it is left side left left side I'm going to write it left side IV which is the most common one okay now let's discuss little bit so you have always question on this that's what I am stressing here and it's microbially very important overall any acute uh not only acute even native Native wall native wall infective Anacortes comes you know the answer that is your staphylococcus aureus staph aureus is the king of infection so any infective endocrine is the most common cause if it comes is the staff or use okay overall acute native prosthetic any prosthetic comes you should remember cones consequence that is your staphylococcus epidermidis staphylococcus epidermidis okay most common one and usually when it is what less than if it is less than less than one year if less than one year less than one year of prosthetic wall it is cons if it is more than the none it would be what your variance so so any damage or Subacute it is very dense streptococcus that is streptococcus Grid in script streptococcus veterans right so how to remember this damaged heart foreign and also right side if they ask right side IV drug also staffs are always right staffs are always right right okay remember okay but left side if there's left side IV tracker it is your anterior caucus that is different one enterococcus okay you enter to the left because right is for stops right always stops nursing stuff nursing staffs are right right right staphylococcus aureus is right okay staff nursing staffs are always so better doctors you go left side okay that's the Clue the staff stops nursing staff step is they are the right people so right right is them left you go left okay don't forget and uh otherwise overall the king is also stabbed acute native you know staff um especially malayali nurses they love their native Kerala okay native so again staff so stuff stuff so stuff will help you a lot of stuff especially malayali nursing Stars will help you in many places remember like that it's easy okay and prosthetical means you remember okay that's it very very simple no uh now we are going to next question another my one of the interesting question is Duffy antigen Duffy antigen as the receptor for which plasmodium you know very well this question why what is the answer Duffy definitely whose girlfriend I always say this Daffy is the girlfriend of the fee is a girlfriend or who that is you know it's like this Duffy's boyfriend is Vivek but Vivek Nautilus Vivek has another girl so what is another girl's name because of the sharpness sh uh s h a f f sharpness dot I think some spelling mistake that's okay sharpness daddy remember right sharpness dot is also for Vivek as well plasmodium y wax type of guys are always you know smart and handsome so they usually they have two two girlfriends one is that you see inside the RBC okay the pigment the pigments you see sharpness because I'll tell you what Duffy is basically when you've seen rbcs RBC surface where most of the rbcs we have an antigen called Duffy some people they don't have some most of them they have so whenever there's a Duffy antigen or a stepper receptor what happened it makes the entry of plasmodium Y wax easy that is the duty of a girlfriend now girlfriend will help the boy to enter inside now so the boy Vivek plasmodium 5x easily enter Because of a Taffy and unfortunately he also has maybe fortunately has another girlfriend that's it you got it so answer is Vivek I'm sorry y box okay y plus modem y box okay got it right that's it so it's very simple definite single question so easily you never made mistake there now whatever this question now next question you see this next question Prima Quinn destroys the hypnosoids of Y wax in which organ so you know that there are two people who undergo hypnosis okay whatever who are the two people Mr Vivek James whenever I say James it is overlay why to order when you talk with James store it's in overlay y of X because plasmodium y of X by uska sharpness data I'm not going to bring that here these two people are always sleepy so what they undergo hypnosis they undergo hypnosis in the hepatocyte or in hepatic hepatic means liver hepatic means hepatic liver or hypnosis so to wake them up what to do to wake them up you know who comes to wake them up you remember the drug name Prema with her Coffee Toffee okay I make it as toffee Anna toffee coffee with a toffee coffee they wake them up what is prima so now it will come everywhere so this is plasma Vivek because plasmodium y wax plasmodium overlay sleepy because hypnosoids hypnose voice I'll tell you cyclinoma hypnosoids usually would have been many times some especially in these two cases not many times sometimes hypnosis go this uh the sporozoite which is entering into our body from the mosquito it goes and remains in the liver quietly it undergoes a transform it hypnosis and sleeps there for years and it remains there what happened whenever the condition occurs it forms this what it causes it cause relapse after few years you need to remain silently suddenly it will wake up and it causes relax okay then we'll get malaria so that is the reason hypnosis whatever hypnosoids they remain there silently they get activated they converted into size on all the cycle and again they could relapse every three years years it goes in two you know two to three years it takes for the relapse to occur then they remain in liver otherwise they remain liver hypnosed happily because the drug of choice to kill them is prima Queen Prima with a toffee a taffina queen okay Tae taffina Queen this is another drug new drug tapping up Queen remember this is the question Prema queen and the Prema with a toffee comes and she tells this guy hey please wake up they wake up okay okay got it that's it so now hypnosite hedge the hepatic h means hepatic so hepatic means liver so answer is simple that's it along with the coffee Shiva except these two guys we work on James okay who are sleeping in the liver very simple okay so if you want shortly briefly uh you must be knowing the cycle but see you know this mosquito is the definite host in Malay if you remember mosquitoes one of the exception comes a definite host of malaria right malaria so when it bites what is the thing which goes in this porosides poroso it is the infective stage for us these are the questions infective stage which is in which stage for human spores right sporo means the female anopheles mosquitoes okay so the sporosite of the plasmodium goes inside see some of them they become hypnosides this is the one they're talking especially what in the Y wax in the plasma via wax in the plasmodium and rest other cases it goes regular cycle liver hepatic station releases the mirror right then it goes what your RBC blood me RBC cycle or we saw all the late uh a little percent later for certain all listings and then gametes gametocide is infective stage to the mosquito for us the infective man infective stages these porous right for mosquito it is the gameto site okay this is the cycle so the hypnosoids some of the hypnosoids it's in virus and ovale is responsible for this hypnosis okay and it was activation later okay it's very very simple easy okay so that's all I'm going to the next one now now next question look at this question again interesting all our current statement regarding urinary tract infection except okay except unit attack infection Etc reaction which is wrong statement here so no wrong statement is urine is the excellent cultural media for UTI is urine is the excellent culture media for UTI urine is the excellent culture it definitely yes that is right yes atrophic urethritis in a postmanopostale woman is definitely yes why because um air traffic is estrogen hormones goes down so automatically this the air traffic change happens so that causes you know good environment for the microbe to grow okay and antibiotics are recommended to in all cases of asymptomatic bacteria not at all not at all okay this is impossible because we have to avoid antibiotics to this type of patient to avoid the resistance so when a patient is asymptom simply bacteria means you do not do anything we are just not especially this is common in pregnancy in pregnancy it happens so we are trying to avoid it maximum okay symptoms only we are doing so antibiotics usually for normal patient pregnancy there are some conditions otherwise not okay otherwise you don't give antibiotics unnecessarily for an asymptomatic bacteria patient okay and certain strains of E coli have responsibility yes we have the urogenic E coli they are prosperensity to inverse urinary Tech that's also right so which is the wrong statement this one this one is wrong so antibodies recommend to all cases a wrong statement okay that's it this UTA is very simple and you know the more uh with this one see if you once again sorry yeah so if you remember this is the uh the unit attack uh the picture see this is the upper UTI we have the upper UTI Style so we have upper UTI upper UTI means Above This is either kidney or in the ureter this one kidney or in the ureter upper UTI is and lower Duty it's bladder and the urethra is lower it is that's it okay so these are the things important so one of the important thing is that uh uh in UTI most common cause of UTI anything Hospital Community uh whatever occurred over any case or the most common cause is always equal don't forget yeah equal is the most common cause that is one thing you have to remember another thing important is that which is the best urine supplement stream uh see usually the best the best urine sample is usually suprapubic aspirate it's the best one because it is without any contamination get a pure growth but commonly used is Midstream urine commonly we use this mid stream urine which is commonly Midstream you usually recommend it is Midstream urine because initial some of the uh commensured batteries will go away then middle will be with the proper result so commonly used is Midstream but the best is suprapubic aspirin okay and now after growing in the colony I I the urine Sam I have sample and I have grown the colonies growing in the plate okay it's grown when I count the colony if it is more than or equal to 10 to the power 5 that is called significant bacteria see this is to this is called cause concept cross concept okay significant significant if the my quality is more than 10 to the power 5 Colony forming unit per ml units fine just number 10.5 significant bacteria significant bacteria okay and if it is 10 power 4 to 10 to the power 5 uh if it is 4 10.5 I have to you have to correlate you have to correlate with the clinical and then you have to give the treatment okay correlate if it is less than 10 to the power 4 that is called non uh that is called non-significant bacteria that is not a significant non-significant bacteria that is means that is commences that is not the pathogen it's just the commences are growing so more than 10 to the power 5 is still correct for significant bacteria less than that it's we have to correlate clinically less than 10 not signal bacteria this is one of the thing when you're interpreting the culture during the culture you have to interpret like this urine culture okay that's it yeah for a UTI now see the next question next question again my intro it's my one of favorite questions uh which of the following were true regarding brucellosis uh you know our doctors this is this there are a lot of things you need just have to make some Clues okay you might be confident you're knowing all the things but you know what happens sometimes no um you will uh forget the things you know 19 subjects or so many things to do so you always keep some shortcuts make you also a few things here that you will understand easily okay so that's the thing okay so now let's go to the next discussion brucellosis for Brussels you see which is true which of the following is true remember develops in the undulating pattern is it true all right which are the following is true okay it's right we have a Wonderland fever we will talk about Bruce Lee in a while okay right musculoskeletal problems is it definitely there is okay and Brussels is a facultative Interstellar parasitic also right it is usually intracellular parasite all the above all are right okay now let's come to this one you know what I always say Bruce Lee you remember Bruce Allah you remember Bruce Lee Bruce Allah militances you remember Bruce Lee Bruce Lee the actor right Bruce Lee Bruce Lee passed Bruce Lee is the actor so he travels everywhere what are his favorite places he goes to Malta he goes to Mediterranean Mediterranean and then he goes to Uganda Uganda and any uh and also tibilisi okay DC is his place also in India his favorite place okay remember that much Bruce Lee that fighter no Chinese actor is popular so he loves traveling everywhere okay these are these places he's traveling okay why sir why did he say so these are the types of fever not all sorry these are the fever Malta fever Mediterranean fever Uganda is becoming undulan fever undulan fever easy right so anything word Malta material and fever comes it is your Bruce Allah okay all our questions frequently Asked Uganda make his own blood typically see it's the page it's a page typing for your brusala also question asked in previous PG exams Casino why did I say castle because casting media that is this by basic media especially foreign okay we are using and and not only that now uh now this one another thing most importantly frequently Asked is he uh what they ask is the the test Bruce Lee satellite so sad test standard agglutination test is the best test for brucella apart from the culture Casino media satis standard agglutination test standard agglutination test standard agglutination test statistical frequently as many times it is the test for your uh brucella very catastrous apart from that you know we have milk ring where Rose Bengal test and all yes let's ask okay so these are the things now let's go to the uh now yeah once again so this is a few shortcuts from a satellite and it travels all these places that's it okay this you remember okay now this is the Wonderland female so when you talk about brucella clinical future when you talk about Brussels huh there's a brussel brucellosis brucellosis the Triad we have a classic Triad what is the Triad it is simply fever which is your undulan fever is somewhat similar to typhoid fever also except the fever pattern there is step ladder here is Wonderland otherwise all are almost same and then they have what arthritis that's what we told musculoskeletal problem and other one is your hepatospherenomegali hepatom spleno Mycologist the catastick Triad okay this is the Wonderland fever like this see it is for days it's increasing the temperature slow increase for days and then again return to normal like this that's the characteristic Future Okay personal assistant this is a question which is called casting Ada media media also called what by basic media why it is called bipasic I always say Bruce Lee is by okay so this is solid media and then this is a liquid media solid and this is liquid so that's what we call by phasic media this is a liquid media okay castner that's it this is more than enough okay yeah statement streptomycin that is okay not much asked now next question now here which virus is transmitted by the blood transfusion blood transfusion you know during blood transfusion when you're transmitting the blood when you're transmitting the blood uh what a blood bank may you know transfer to the blood you know there are some infections which can transmitted through the blood so you have to screen that things okay so we show the common ones here Hepatitis B virus definitely yes we already spoke IV drugs transmission BT blood transmission is there hcv definitely yes all blood Bond HIV also yes parvovent definitely is so all are right one two three so with the virus is mint when you talk about the blood transmission infection BT transmission which are the viruses you should transmitter this is easy apparatus B virus is very easy to remember every C virus HIV virus not your A and E viruses and all okay those are not common these are the common one HIV capital is B hcv HIV and your parvo Justin Mr parvo even your Epstein-Barr virus and CMV virus these are common you know viruses okay when you talk about the viruses what about the bacteria in bacteria the most important one is the spirocates Spyro kids Spiro kids is the most common when you talk about spiral cakes you remember right triponema palliative syphilis causing tripodia right borrelia and then your laptop these are the three things laptop remember apart from that uh you know there's one rickets one is there but it's okay you could not remember this TP tripony is important and then we'll talk about the parasites plasmodium malaria plasmodium that is and write it here plasmodium it's better plasmodium natural plasma Waters here trypanosoma trypanosoma trypanosoma comes then that would be the lishmania also lishmania also and if plasmodium malaria comes there is babies they are almost same Futures babies except it is transmitted by so these are as antioxoplasma Toxoplasma pregnant lady remember cat cat is a definite Toxoplasma gondi okay so these are blood bones so you can expect a question on the blood transition these days okay so do the blood transmission these are the infections there is no clue wonder you just start to remember it it's easy you these are the things that remain in the blood all the time so that's what you have to be careful so these are things we are screening okay right uh now next yeah so answer only four now next question again very nice question which is the uh most common cause of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis spontaneous bacterial Petronas is basically a primary we have two types of peritonitis we have two types of peritonitis right we have primary and primary and secondary peritonitis bacterial peritonitis the primary one is also called as spontaneous secondary is due to git penetration any gut penetration no any penetration injury git or normally also when your intestinal penetration happens you know that time you have secondary pattern is so what are the cost which is the cost of agent you know already or doctors you must be knowing or it's also surgery question I am mostly it's what Estuary Estuary is the most common cause so and I will not forget because this was my thesis topic also in my PG time so definitely it was a social call line okay so this is the combination that's it very simple okay so not only UT you know you collect not only the most common cause of UTI it's also most common cause of your bacterial peritonitis peritonitis okay remember these are two things most common of course many infections even meningitis neonatal Management in the second place after a group receptor caucus but uh you remember these are the common ones per generation you take common apart from the diarrhea diarrhea big list of diarrhea okay right yeah next and this one uh now which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the stronger it is strongly distant Coralis okay you know what I'll give you small clue and then we go to the stronger lattice okay uh let's go here let's go to picture yeah so what happened how to remember the stronger light is the first clue what I'm going to give you is whenever strongyloid is remember strong woman strong woman okay strong woman first of all she is like a you know current she's fast like a current okay she's fast like a current second one she is always hyper hyper hyper she's hyper that's it and you know what is her favorite food for all this thing which was a secret you know she takes what she takes the IV Ivy IV is basically you know what you call in Hindi The Ivy God Ivy God uh I the small green color vegetable okay I forgot the name of that okay uh yeah something else okay I forgot the name of that okay IV God so if this is a shortcut why I'm gave the strongest strong woman strong woman no need men so that means no man that is no male worm okay no man why is stronger stronger it is why women there is no men means there is no only there is only female one only female one I mean there is a melon but that is not involved in the pathogenesis okay so there's only female worm no male worm okay current because the condition of this causes the larva migrants that is called larva currents very Superfast larva currents it moves very very fast that's what's called arvakan like a current I told that's what strong woman is like a current it's a question this is also a question there's also a question larva currency she's this is the one see this is the larva currents it you know it usually it gains of a penetration no it enters enters by penetration that's what what happened it causes this one okay penetration under larva that is basically which one this is basically a it causes something called hyper infection severe infection in immunocompromised patient that's what I told their hyper hypothesis question also asked hyper infections common with strong elitists IV got because the drug of choice for strongyloidis is many times as Ivermectin Ivermectin Ivermectin very simple that's it this is just you you will not miss any of this if you know the shortcut but a little bit of patterns you should know that you know how this enters into our body there is a clue how you should know through bare foot there are three infections which goes to the Barefoot you know how to remember remember my name Sandy yes a n d y is a silent Santosh my name but they call me Sandy okay so s-c-a-n San Works in Barefoot um we are very poor I'm garib you know so I walk in my Barefoot only okay so yes for strong eloitis an A4 and cyclo stoma and N for nikater Nikita Americans why I say Barefoot because the worm the filari form larva which I told okay this one you see here it enters this the thing this will via this one it starts from here first of all what happened that yeah rapidly form uh it starts here I'm sorry it's this should be erased once again this this huh a second okay sir okay now so what I'm going to do is that look at this picture it's starting from here so we are Barefoot so what happened this filleriform larva starting here it enters it through our leg and after entering to the leg it goes to it becomes a where from leg means that goes to venous system through it goes to their heart thought it goes to the heart and from heart it comes to your lung you know lungs say again what happened to regurgitation it enters into a git track here no adult female so the filariform larva it goes to the lung and from lung again it goes to where do you understand intestine what happened it develops into the other adult female works there's no in stronger is matter only in stronger is there is no male okay so just the other it's over Vivi pep that's what we call strong women's or over VV Paris they direct without any boys Health they lay eggs okay that's what over will be Paris okay so over with Paris so they layer the XP only female one place the egg and after that female when placed the egg that eggs what happened the moment it hatches it goes out it becomes rapidly from larva it doesn't stay longer immediately hatches out that's what installed where you see for liability formula many times you will see only the rapidity from larvae in the stool and this rapidly from either becomes Auto infection or it just goes to this tool and stole me again rapidly form you know it develops into uh adult and male form here in not in inside our body only female or go to the soil male female eggs Etc that will be phone but inside our body only adult it's a magic it's really a magic adult male adult female she just lays the eggs that eggs developed immediately touches the rapid deform larva okay if that's it excuse me so for you you have to remember is that strong Sandy is okay now let's go to a question now it's going to be very easy you're going to make a good uh you're going to answer it very easily so look at this uh parasites in the upper part of the GTA definitely yes because after regurgitation from the lung The filariform larva it goes to only that's the right answer larva currents means it's the fast moving ration abdomen that's what I told you I showed the Picture This Is The larva currency it moves very very first rapidly Under the Skin before reaching the lung it just moves here and there okay and the next one ever making I just told you favorite favorite treatment systemic strangilities infections immunocompetent no no no no no because systemic stronger that is they're talking about the hyper Integrity hyper infection is common in which immunocompromised patient okay so what happened in hyperins which basically there is a recurrent Auto infection I don't know this rapidity from larva instead of going out what happened it goes right current uh Auto infection in animal compromised patients like HIV patients steroid user in these patients in hm and all what happens the recurrent Auto infection happens and that leads to what excess what excess polarity formula there will be increased filariform pillar reform count enough that will cause a lot of problem to the patient it can go to lot of lung problem intestinal problem everything can happen that's called hyperinfection okay so in usually what happened in this case ige usually goes down instead of going up it goes down okay that's one more thing to remember but remember hyper Corner strongylitis hyper current Corner strong stronger strong woman strong woman is hyper strong woman is like a current okay that's all and see each one Ivy got foreign and then cycle continues okay very very simple very easy okay now next one now another question another my favorite this is excuse me I'm sorry yeah now the next question again this is one of my favorite question you guys also might be liking it we should probably incorrect statement regarding grdis jrd yes you know you my favorite so let's let's go to Giada and then come back it will be much easier so this is the thing this is the thing you have to remember is asked every exam every time they have a question that's what grad is something you should have to keep in your mind you can't live it okay so this is gear okay this is gear Gear vegetable Ghia vegetable see what I'm doing I'm taking I am I'm bored of this gear so what I'm doing I'm hitting with my racket tennis racket with my tennis racket tennis racket I am hitting the gear okay I'm hitting the gear with the angry okay I'm hitting the gear with angry then what happened gear falls down gear will fall down okay that's one thing and whenever my mom cooks whenever mom cooks Ghia you know what happened I get so I get in tears first of all I go in tears then I get angry then I get so angry and then sometimes you know what I put a string around myself and I try to Suicide you know just for a joke okay I put a string on myself and I try to Suicide okay now we got everything here now now let's go to this this much about it yeah sir what is this why did you bring this story it looks very uh Stupid story right okay here because you know this is a the shape is tennis racket or you say it as tears oh not only that when I cook yeah why I'm tearing angry because I get what stereotory I get steer Toria fat mole absorption right because I get fat mole absorption okay the shape is tennis racket yeah fall down why the motility what is the motility Falling Leaf motility Falling Leaf that was the question asked you always confuse this with a trichomonas trichomona Smith t40 twitching that also looks similar but it's my single nucleus here it's a Falling Leaf tennis racket ysse because 10 is a tear you see the shape it's like a tennis racket there is Center axle style and then you see two nucleus then there are four pairs of flagella here if you remember this is one pair two pair three pair and here one four pair four pairs of flagella you can see okay foreign trophos joint and the cyst form okay and what I do I'm angry because the shape is again it looks like an angry man you're also same it's the same meaning any angry man face tear shaped all same same structures which is the causing fat mole absorption osteatoria fat Mal absorption fat Mal absence due to this one absorption string test because I told you again what you have to do if you want to catch they take this drda properly you take the string and put it this is a string if the tablet there it's like it looks like a tablet capsule it's basically a capsule where is the idea will stick so put inside the mouth and leave it till the deodorinum till the deodorant it goes and leave it for a few hours and then you take out so what happened here grd will be sticking here then that I make a wet Mount and then I see for the Falling Leaf motility and whatever I need okay I'll do it excuse me excuse me I'll do that okay that's what this is very simple and treatment is you know Metro get out of the way g-e-t comes treatment is always get out of when the Metro train is coming when the Metro train is coming you should get out of the way G for G area you know e for and Tempo history that is uh treatment is for all these things okay very very simple so your question now now let's go here now uh yeah now let's go to our question stool examine for assist at two to three days interval yes you remember that whenever patient have stuttoria or any diarrhea type post tutorial comes when they send the sample just one student sample is not enough we sometimes we can miss the proposal or the system so we tell them to send after again repeat it you know two to three some more the sample they give the more chance you know we we we hunt for the uh for this uh okay so that's the right question colonoscopy colonoscopy aspirate gives highest diagnostic let's stop there okay let's stop there it occurs by injection of contaminated water definitely sgrs that's what it enters okay enters to the oral cavity and then you get it grd has a flagellated trophage of course I just showed you the picture it has four pleasure this is also right colonoscopy aspect no we're not doing colonoscopy we are doing what we are doing the screen test we are because it's usually in the upper part deodorium is usually in the upper part no okay this much these are the right answer it's okay okay now next question the idea is over and I hoping it's easy and now this one another important question very nice question type 2 necrotizing passages type 2 natural racing okay let's talk just a necrotizing persitis okay caused by so when you talk about necrotizing fasciitis picture was uh excuse me the picture was not given the picture was I added the picture later okay so this is the picture was coming they just give only necrotizing face like this this is the necrotizing fascitis necrotizing it looks like a gangrene not gas gangrene of clustered Emperor fringes we are talking just the necrotizing which issues just necrotized here okay so now what is the cause foreign [Music] right all those things okay folliculitis and those things not the necrotic Pathak it will not go clostridium septicum colostrum septicum also can cause what gas gangrene if you remember in gas cangering not only clustering pair fringes even septicom and Novi other species also can go so it's all out out out so group uh the streptococcus prices is the main thing who's called the development Factor there this hyaluronidase is very dangerous one there's a lot of other factors too and where the aware and cause this infection so your answer is group a Streptococcus please remember group a strepto because same many times you confused with group a groupie Group B is a is not agility A4 not always Apple a is not always Apple so a is group a is pyogens now pyogens you get this necrotizing phase this is after Univision accuracy you do a debridement so debridement but this is the thing okay now what is this condition so when you talk which streptococcus pyogens then there are other conditions which you should know apart from this necrotizing fascitis it also causes cellulitis cellulitis and it causes ER eryc pillar and also it causes Scarlet fever okay I give you a clue here this is what necrotizing any e-e-e comes or cellulite is e a recipe all this e e comes it is caused by your streptococcus by that's the way I remember it looks bit tricky e always is enemy a bad I always say no evil evil evil septum spice is evil so e for evil so you check for E okay but like carbuncle foreign excuse me excuse me but when you're talking about the skin conditions the idealist chapter of poison cause pharyngitis that's one sure you know it's the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis okay true membrane but in skin made causes this condition necrotizing fascitis this is cellulitis this picture is the cellulitis okay and it's common in diabetic patient if you see the red color orange purely orange color and all they call different names of the swelling cellulitis and then scarlet fever very very important okay so these are the important things that you'd know about when you talk about thing and why they say type two type 2 is necrotizing means type 2 negro testing is usually mono microbial what's type 1 then we have type 1 type 1 is polymicrobial type 1 is polymicrobial that means many microbes so you console one type two just now we spoke that is your streptococcus pyogens gas gangrene remember very simple that's it one is poly microbial two is type of spices and three issue of gas gangrene they usually don't ask this detail but you know you know I don't know from surgical point of view whatever if they ask you have to just you know remember these things okay that's it now now next question this is another important question here and which operate systemic mycosis cause the deep tissue necrosis in covid outbreak okay which opportunistic systemic mycosis cause a deep tissue first of all this is opportunistic infection so now what is the operating infection have we have here uh and see the lot of Clues one they've given already covet outbreak another thing this this goes a deep tissue necrosis it causes and oppositic infection you remember they used to say something they used to call what black black fungi black fungus black fungi black mycosis black black death not black then sorry black black everything was black black that time right okay so first of all it's an opportunistic infection so when it's opportunistic means sporadicosis is out sporadicosis is there's a system you can say systemic Microsoft so sporadicosis is not causing system it causes subcutaneous it's a subcutaneous dimorphic okay so that is I ruled out this okay rolled out and they have said opportunistic uh the system and they said deep tissue there's no tissue cochitive mycosis is also dimorphic fungi but usually it causes it it affects the lung and some mild form of skin only so that is also out I'm not going to include that okay histoplasmosis is also it's also dimorphic but it it it it's not that much common usually it affects what lung only like coccidiomycosis all this demographic function they cause lung infections most commonly then they can spread slowly not this much especially not deep tissue so the answer of this one is your mucer mycosis mucur micro so how to remember the mucine mycosis mucine all psycho micro they're same don't confuse zygo Motors Moto this is this is the right answer deep tissue necrosis that because of the necrosis only it's black color remember many people became with the face I you know everything was going in necrotic necrotic so this is the exact picture if you see this picture this will cover everything so please remember this is what this is this is called Reno cerebral Reno Reno cerebral mucer mycosis renal cerebral milkosis is the most common cause of a form of mycosis otherwise also called zygomycosis zygo mycosis how I remember I remember mortar any boy is named remembering with this thing I always form it easy okay he's really Moto also why Moto you see here when you see in the when you strain it with the any of the fungal stain what you see you see a wide hyphae acute it's not acute angle here what happened it is a wide and here it is it is at right angle perpendicular or at right and somewhat right and wide angle right or you can say wide angle wide halfway wide angle and no SEPTA just opposite to your aspergillus aspergillus means it will be acute angle and separate here no steps and look at here if you see this one it's like this the high pay underscore branching it is like not the acute angle it is like wide angle you put a wide angle but if you see in the uh aspartulus it will be like this in aspect it is it will be a acute angle like this acute angle here it's all you know why it's like this wide angle you know wide angle so these are wide wide without any SEPTA that is the characteristic feature for your mucer mycosis okay mucine so what happens because of black fungi that's what they call they used to call but it's not exact it's not black because of the the deep tissue necrosis it usually cause blindness it can go to the Brine and affect your brain proposal so many things can cause Okay so that's what in Kobe tell me this was the one of the dangerous one and what are the under the psychometers you know there are rhizopus mucer and obsidia obsidia rhizopus means the three types of the root is at the point uh this is inter intermediate root intermediate root between the nodes they have this is root at nodes at node just below the node here internal node okay but in mucous okay if you just remember this number three speeches okay that's it these are the things you should remember about the zygomicosis very simple and easy right zygamous all these problems okay right now uh next question now uh yeah this also this must be easy for you guys you all remember knowing which functions cosplay inoculation of the fungal element using a thorn whenever the word thorn comes you know what I'm going to remember whenever the word thorn comes I'm going to give think about a rose garden rose rose garden rose plant only now so let's go to this picture now so this is the Rose Garden okay so Rose Garden this our wonderful Rose Gardener this also called Rose Gardener's disease Rose gardeners this English we call the rose Gardener why because our sporty I call him the sporty Rose Gardener because three courses so what happened Rose cut on and it hits it hits his arm or leg weightable even it hits here what happened this is the uh this is the relation is getting you see row of ulcer along the lymphatic he gets the row of sporoticosis cosmosis Shanghai which is rho of ulcer along many times repeated so you can't miss like you know few questions whatever the questions repeated here mainly or like repeated again and again so you if you're preparing for your postcard examination or fmg examination or insect it doesn't matter you have to know this thing and it is very easy you'll get it okay apart from that you know what this Rose Quarter I'll give you some clue about this Rose Gardener this gardener you know what is his favorite thing he uh smokes cigar he smokes and he at night time he loves the Stars he loves to watch at the stars and you know what he like he has a splendor bike he has a splendor bike okay Splendor bike and of course he gives roses you know roses to girls he loves she is a gardener himself and he give roses to girls and another one you know to impress the question what he usually you see uh perfume you know here's the itar perfume okay what is this new story again okay I'm coming okay now the row of also along the lymphatic so question asks Rose Garden see this one this one this picture this picture uh I'm sorry yeah this picture if you see look at this how does it look it looks like a star that's what I thought he likes star because that is called asteroid body that's a question repeated many times the picture was came or they'll ask asteroid body star means asteroid asteroid body oh yeah asteroid body this is Hindi this is in your staining when you do a biopsy stain With A Pas stain to PA stain or anything a hematoxin reaction is any fungal stain you see this asteroid body or sugar or it also you can say it's a sugar appearance you know sugar so sugar and there's something called Splendor hopefully phenomenon this is more a pathological things blender happily this all this you know the cells break and they go peripheral that those are Splendor hopefully phenomena you remember the name that is importance and Roses to girl because look at this in lpcb this is called roset appearance appearance I'm sorry I just have to go back yeah okay we call it as the row set appearance row set appearance that is also question in LP CBL PCB you know it's a lactofenal cotton blue stain for the fungus and then itar why because the treatment the treatment is atroconazole it previously it was potassium hydrate now it is all the systemic means you're going with amphotypes in B any systemic uh microsis you goes with this infection you go but otherwise the drug of choices that's it this is very simple easy there is no any other question can come from the rose color and of course it's common Himalayas Himalayas currents are high so usually in history you'll have a word Himalayan region okay that's all so now whatever this question so this question did I uh yeah I thought I didn't want the answer so for this question so when I uh the clue is given already inoculation fungal by Thorn so Thorn means it's a it's a rose plant rose plant that's a gardener that is your sporro three courses that's it right injury Thomas injury mucous is just acquired you know because immunity goes down it just occurs my isotoma is used to injury that is different story so support request is the answer okay right next one fever okay uh let's do this it is transmitted by the qlex mosquito does it transmit two legs mosquito no not will come there okay not effective vaccine is available do we think that you have a vaccine for chikungunya do we have an effective accident no if we have why we get chicken good even now right no incubation is four to seven days definitely yes okay within a week within a week one of the promises this is the main thing whenever you have chicken you will never forget the joint pain in your whole life once you get chicken in your joint pain lifelong because that's very severe joint pain that is right okay now so chicken would have been not much see most important thing is that you should know the mosquito this is the muscular which mosquito is this can you guess you see the spots and everything so that is the tiger mosquito tiger mosquito or okay you see very gigantic just like a tiger only with all the spots strikes like the Tiger in the body or not which looks like a thing on it okay so this one now so what are the diseases you should know that is at least you should notice all the important fevers your Dengue Fever number one then your Chikungunya fever chicken and then your sake of fever and then your yellow fever at least these important things you should know these are the common ones they'll ask questions okay mosquito what about the culex when you talk about the culex mosquito when you talk about the culex mosquito Helix means I would always tell you to remember coolies coolies working in the railway station poor cool is for them okay fuel X mosquito important diseases Japanese encephalitis Japanese caused by all the mosquitoes but yeah commonly culex okay Japan or don't forget elephantiasis so elephantiasis because mosquito anopheles mosquito is for the plasmodium that is malaria plasmodium okay got it that's it now now look at this question okay what is the answer now so answer is incubation code seven days right three and four so answer is c 3 and 4 is right so three this effective vaccine rules so please remember that's it okay yeah that's all now next one now next one in which parasitic infection man nail man transmission is seen another very nice question uh this question you might be confused so it's better to rule out always try to rule with questions so now how I'm going to roll up fish step form fish step form is basically die flow die flow both room other name right so now how to remember here die if you know how I remember Phil Mr Phil okay he's carrying the fish you got it so the intermediate hosts are cycle Cyclops and other one is fish that's it so smells so this is wrong you got it fish stay focused fill is a fish seller it's a fish market fish salad okay he's a fish uh fish seller okay so cycle me please so cycle is cyclope fishes these two tomatoes so man is definite inside okay foreign [Music] it's a black fly I always remember black simu purana ankles he got river blindness right we were blindness that's complete story I'm not going to say that thing just remember it is caused by a black flag onco Circa is basically cosmic black simran black similarious but to remember for now okay so the only left out is Sister zombies see even if you don't know also you can buy this thing you can have one clue is snail and sisters I mean they have a clue okay that is also clue okay so fine this will be easy if I show you the cycle right so next question uh so this is psychology sorry first let's see the cycle so look at here so know what happened uh the first thing is starting from here uh here the egg uh again with egg will be there in the figures right it will be the figures and it hatches out or not like this egg will be action into one release is the mirror Syria Mira said you call then this mirror Syria this goes into the snail again Snail made ghost things or nothing happens the idea is the main thing here is the main thing it penetrates the skin penetrates the skin like stronger it is like Sandy sand when it is here sister also penetrates the skin sister also penetrates okay penetrates the skin and then it goes into the skin in the same story then circulation migration into the portal blood and all and then they become adult warm okay they become adult warm it all happens in the uh interesting we're talking about here when it produces the skin then after one by one place it goes circulation migrate and then goes to the intestine and intestine magnetic matches into adult worm see some of them goes to the bladder like hematopium goes to the bladder rest all goes to the intestine plexus that all the seeds in the portal blood it goes to the the here it is the mesentric values of bowel and some will go the these these two mansoni and japonicum will go to the intestinal messenical fluxus whereas your hematopium goes to the bladder and then again they cause the infection goes out to urine that goes to stool and you'll see it okay so this is the big story but at least now you remember the uh the idea is that cystosomiasis snake so snail is important role here snail comes here okay so snail has important role here this one okay so man snail combination is here only okay insisters or minuses okay right now next question drug of choices is when they ask they always ask something okay so now the clue is when you talk about the uh platy helmets is means they are the flatworms flat worms okay flat so flat worms means either it is stored or it is the Tramadol you know that one tree matte door sister means sister is a tapeworm cestides tapeworm trematode tree trees okay so now for all these cases for all these cases your treatment for all flatty helmet this car what you give you give a flat press results okay process you know what is the process this is a press oh I didn't draw the picture I'm sorry presses you know process is that a flat that many people must be knowing that it looks like this you know like a um it's a made up of dark it's a delicious salty sweet everything is there and you personally can get it's like it's like some what you say uh it's a fried item only it's a dish presence okay it's flat it is flat and it's just different different shapes like this and you was given if you go commonly you see on the roadside people are eating you know it just looks like a snake you know like a snake yeah exactly if you say the snake is rolled and tied you know that type of thing is the pretzels so P for presses or flat presses I mean to say the drug of choice for all the susto Tramadol is this okay plastic content is the drug of choice but there are exceptions what are the exceptions we are going to see the exceptions exceptions are basically in store for echinococosis what you use or hydrated for hydrated highlighted we have exception and also for in a traumatology one exception is this that is your uh which is the exception fascial hepatica okay so there is an exception for this one there is an exception for this one what is the exception we are going to talk now so for the echinococosis the drug is albendazole you give Alban Dazzle okay Chino chino pants you know right their popularities is men's or women's they're wearing the chino pants can bend you can always bend the chino pants okay Bend you can bend the chino pants okay you remember like that this is a question and Facebook how you remember in your face you do what you do we all are patriotic people we love our India so in a phase we put what tri-color we put the tri-color Indian flag excuse me let me see if I have that oh I didn't put the picture okay that doesn't matter okay so what I do what I do is that I put a tri-color on my face try color Okay paste me I put the tri-color the orange white and blue okay green orange white and green color you know for the cricket match and everything you put no on the face try color so the answer for facial particle is try bendazole tricla bendazole bedazzle tricla means tri color remember like the tri-color tri-color on my face try color on my Indian flag tri color on my face trichlorbendazole for your fascular that's a rest all or prosequented so now let's come to this question so in this question they asked so that is the answer that's it okay so we finish this question this is over or sisters like presents sisters they eat what presses the Press is the one if he's the American process I told him that one okay that's it now next which of the uh following infection is not transmitted by Aries just now we spoke about Aries which is not there so Dengue Fever yes it is so West Nile is usually commonly spreadable or qlex to this the answer okay so that's the answer investment table right next one this is a more a PSM but of course definitely it has a role in a micro budget also entry of the organism to the maximum infectivity whenever the word maximum infectivity comes it's a generation time maximum generation maximum generation So my answer would be here is answer here is the yeah generation time but whatever incubation incubation period if you see this generation time generation time is since the starting of the infection since the starting of the infection till the maximum infectivity incubation period is from the starting of the infection here starting of the infection till the first symptom okay from the starting of the infection to the first symptom okay here it is latent period again it is latent it is basically start of the infection uh to the maximum uh uh start again this is the maximum three years start of the infection till till I'm sorry from the start of the infection here it is you see that I'm going to write it here sorry the print from the start of the infection to the maximum from the infection time from the bacteria entrance to the starting of the pathogenicity starting of the pathogenicity okay Pat just started the infection has entered and then till the pathogenicity you call this a latent serial interval is different serial difference you know you take that serial interval the one complete this thing no one interval then one interval like that that's a Serial it goes so here generation time is maximum maximum infectious generation time till the first symptom incubation period latent period is still starting uh till the pathogenicity then the maximum pathogensity happens not the infectivity the pathogenicity has started okay that's it okay so this is the maximum infected period okay more detail will be in your PSM hope they will teach you that one okay yeah but still remember generation maximum infectivity generation means maximum infertility okay I'm sorry my neck is yeah okay uh now next next question which of the vaccines can prevent the cancer this is an easy easy question ecpc question you must be knowing but even nausea doesn't matter so we have uh there are some vaccines some infections vaccine that can prevent the cancer hepatitis B vaccine definitely yes which cancer liver cancer it prevents you from the liver cancer so that's right this is right capital is B vaccine can which cancel your cervical cancer not only cervical cancer it also decreases in men penile cancer anal cancer and female apart from cervix even vaginal cancer so these are the cancers prevented by H influenza vaccine what about the H inclusive action no it's not candidate it is a vaccine but there is no not for cancer there is no any cancer hcv vaccine we don't have we don't have any effective vaccine for human cancer that's also out so your answer is only one and two answer is a okay now uh HPV vaccine you know that is actually no Gooding but cervical cancer you know that HP Vector two things what are they one is the bivalent is severics cervarix and other one is your Gardasil goddess right these are two vaccines you know cervix severics and goddess are common this is server it is bivalent and Garda series is quadrily quadrivalent bivalentness it is only for which one which is cervical cancer of HP what's 16 and 18 16 and 18 bye bye bye bye only two quadrant means four so what are the four HPV 6 11 6 11 is the one which causes what you remember uh your laryngeal papillomide causes I know genital warts it causes all those things okay and 16 and 18. this is the fourth and also we have Gardasil uh nine strains covers the nine strains of HPV so these are the things and one more thing all the vaccines come the HPV vaccine for HPV vaccine which is the segment which is used L1 segment of the HPV virus L1 segment is used for the vaccine manufacturer remember that also okay so these are the questions anything server and Ricks okay servers my spellings are sometimes horrible please forgive me for that okay so these are the things Okay so a haircut we have very good back these two vaccines very important especially for sexually active people you must take these two vaccines okay so because uh more both if you see both are one of the highest risk factor for both is the sex activity and of course for what is B virus is IV drugs and uh IV drug most risky you know Ivy drug yeah that's it okay now next look at this question another interesting question now a lot of questions come from tuberculosis also that's expected right always expected so which of the following is false regarding want to text Mondo text you know it is a sort of uh latent TB the test which is used for latent TV now whenever it comes a latent TB you're using it for latent to diagnose the latent TB apart from igra We are rooting montages that allies are gold interferon test and there's a super latent DB now what is the technique so let's start before going to the options let's see the technique did I Mark the previous answer yes okay now how is the technique so what you do is that you uh you use a tuberculine this is the tubercle in syringe okay it's called tubercle and syringe in this syringe you are going to take how much 0.1 mL of one tuberculine unit of this PPD protein purified protein derivative purified protein derivative okay I'm taking this one and then what I am injecting inside the skin after injecting I have to make when I give subcutaneous I have to make sure there is a after injection I have to make sure there is a white color wheel there is a white color wheel it is above five that means 6 to 10 m which should be about 6 to 10 mm if it is less than that means that's not valid it has to be with the tubercle instead of injecting you have to see a white color wheel that is 6 to 10 mm should be there then only it's valid okay then after that after 48 to after 40 to 72 hours I'll tell the patient to come and I will check and I will measure it so when I measure it should be either less than 5 mm or it is 5 to 9 mm or more than equal to 10 mm right more than 10 mm it should be more than 10 mm so I will measure and I'll put the type thing okay so if it's more than 10 mm it is positive it's a positive right now let's go to the question yeah now let's go to the question I'm sorry yeah uh it's the intradermal uh I'm sorry I said subcutaneous sorry it's intradermal yeah I'm sorry it's intradermite okay uh but even your BCG vaccines also intra German okay BCG vaccine also internal tubercle results and moreover what this tubercle in uh is which type of hypersensitive type type 4 Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction tuberculi along with the labradine okay type for hypersensitive direction that also don't forget okay monotics or tubercle monotics is otherwise called tuberculine testoster tuber cooling tuberculine tests so there's a few things that you know just to revise yeah so inter-dermal test using a purified protein one tubercle you need zero point formula yes it's right tubercle and syringe is used yes always prefer tubercle in syringe only after injection a pale wheel yes should be no see I told you it shouldn't be less than 6 mm so this is wrong so this has uh I'm sorry I should one second this I Mark the thing that they have asked for right answer no so I have to take this okay now yeah so yeah so therefore this is right this is right so my then other one is if the area of integration more than 10 mm then it's positive definitely yes that would be the positive that is diagnostic for the if it is positive that is diagnostic for children's for children it is diagnostic you can say if the child has TB not for the adults adults means it is either past infection or person if we don't know which only for epidemiological marker not the diagnostic marker for adults only for children it's a diagnostic marker you know the tubercle is diagnosed to only for children more than 10 or five to nine is doubtful less than five is negative less than five is it is negative okay so the my uh the answer you should choose doctors will be after injection the payload is 3M is wrong see reading also it should be above five the wheel also should be above five that is 6 to 10 mm so remember that so similar right after 48 Hours reading is also above five the initial after injection also it should be above five that means six to ten mm which is all a few things easy to remember so clue okay right now next question this again a guyani with uh integrated with the micro integrated with the gaining foreign which revealed an irregular outline of uterine cavity and a rigid fallopian tube with no relations okay and the picture was not given the picture I uh took it from the internet okay so um they they mean to say this the regular you train was uterine was some what you trained this utility irregular border and then they say the fallopian tube this is the fellow plenty of nodulation it was rigid and no relation so whenever this type of things to any rigid chronic you know Constable comes it is what it is your tuberculosis definitely tuberculosis no doubt in it okay uh the lot of some tobacco pouch Philippine tube there are a lot of lots of names but remember anything like this when the border is this created TV is the most one of the most common cause of infertility in primates in India usually TV's most common fallopian tube only envelop it will be the most common site for TB but again yeah it can be anywhere so it's a genital TV the answer is gentle help is not at all gentle helps me you have what you have a painful vesicles generator you have a painful vesicles will be seen not just it will be painful syphilis may you see what painless ulcer painless ulcer would be seen that is called what heart Shanker not this gonorrhea what is it gonor is common for men more in female usually if it's there that should be a discharge it's more basically a discharge yeah I'm not saying not female also will have within men it's urethra so the pain is very severe for men and easily he comes with this white color uh seed like discharge okay so but in gonorrhea so that's what so this type of chronic disconciliation comes that is tuberculosis okay whenever you see any abscess like this in your neck region the first thing it's not an acute one if it is not an acute one and usually patience is there for many months it gives a long history gives usually gets a long history and this type of thing and they usually it's painless you know usually this is painless sometimes you're gonna you say just so cold absence you know cold abscess there's a difference between cold up systems just remaining inside being cholesterol what happened it forms a connection it from the uh cold up so it forms a connection it comes to the skin okay like this so this is usually in your neck region it happens so that's what colors that we call whenever again cholesterol upsets cold upsis comes again you think about your TV okay not strepto sort of these are right these solar will be acute even if it happens it's acute and if you target more it'd be staphylococcus also streptococcus also and possible Commodities but this is just a cold stood upset so when you call us at absence means it is a tuberculosis this type of fancy name comes an example pot spine also TV so these type of fancy fancy names anything comes from that is usually tuberculosis okay yeah no which of the following statement is false regarding the false regarding 60 circosis you know Sister sarcosis cystic sarcosis happens uh before going this you know cystic psychosis is what basically Titania solar which usually happens normally teenar sodium when you eat the pork meat when we eat the pork meat larva in the pork meat it goes in there and causes us what it causes the the intestinal Geniuses but some cases we don't many of the vegetarians are getting this tasty circus why because not the pork meat but contaminated water contaminated water or salad or food contaminated salad where egg of the timia is present okay you understand when the egg is present whenever here in Delhi they used to in a yamuna river you know usually from that side wherever this green vegetables have been grown and it comes from there to the market when we don't wash it properly even some people still that you know the egg reminds them that you intake it when you take the egg you intake what happened with neutrinia that egg what happened it goes into the intestine and then there it is one that larva it goes to where to the blood and Bose reaches where the brine muscles and Ice anywhere it goes like this so that is the egg is a culprit for and that that 60 sarcosis can be brine neurosiser causes or it must it can be subcutaneous nodule or it can be muscle or can be eye anywhere so that's what it is very very common you understand so this is okay let me go to the picture to be more even better then we come back so one oh did I miss that picture oh yeah I didn't write that okay so the idea is very simple I'm going to write it here very simple you you eat a pork you eat a pork meat and the pork meet me there is larva that is the system we call this sisters larva only when you eat it goes to the git and it causes what it causes the intestinal the normal intestinal Geniuses usually manifest with abdomen pain diarrhea intestinesis but when you drink the contaminated water when you drink a contaminated water or food which has the Egg of the tinea sodium this is all we talk about Denia Solium genius volume is a pork right pork pork meat support meat first one when a contaminated water food you're taking the egg that goes to the Git it hatches into the larva that is the sisters and that larva what happened it's a sort of like an auto infection on right it's like an auto infection it grows and deposits in your brain to the blood it goes there was in the brain or in the muscle or in the subcutaneous tissue or under the skin subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue or it goes into the eye when it goes into the brain we call this neurocystic sarcosis and neurocystic sarcosis is the most toxicity circles a neurocystic sarcosis is if you remember it's the most common cause of what most common cause of your uh one of the most common cause of what the uh Caesars Caesar most common cause of Caesar in India most common persons are in children okay now let's talk about it so here so the options are like this uh yeah so they said subcutaneous systems most common percentage subcutaneous system oh listen subcutaneous this is most no the most common manifestation is usually in the brain the 60 circles is called the most common manifestation is brain that most common is the that most common is let me change the pen color is better okay most common is the neurocystic sarcosis in that neutral system most common is seizure so not subcutaneous but something is very strong so this is this is this is the right answer this is just a false statement let's wait Caesar is the most common symptom X definitely yes we just told one of the most common questions whenever you see seizure in children you do a CT you always see a neural Sports will be the same easily okay cerebral signs or occur when the larva dies yes usually when the larvae is diced usually after 5 15 5 to uh dies in the brain usually after perfect energy cerebral science usually when the cyst is not broken just staggered nothing will happen only when this new cyst breaks up and then the you know the larva thing comes out then only you have the cerebral science manifestations okay that's right prasi counter adjustment with all the plate helmeters all the tenure system the tape forms okay you give a trashy Quantum so that's also right just we spoke if we give is entering you will get what you can sarcosis can be brain or subcutaneous or muscle or anywhere okay but the most common side is prime so Neurosis to sarcosis is the most common one question another muscle subcutaneous tissue everywhere okay you can you can go anywhere okay yes next oral polio vaccine what about the oral polio vaccine now you know oral polio vaccine also with the polio myelitis we know oral polio vaccine we have when you talk about Olo Perfection strain we have one two we have one we have two three so we just usually which is the con which vaccines train me there is risk of uh you know poliomyelitis when you you give the you take the vaccine oral polio and then you get your polio itself that is very high in your opv3 excuse this is something you have to know by heart one is the most common most common uh which is the most common cause of all the epidemics whatever happens from most common cause of all the epidemics and it's most common also two is the most antigenic type most antigenic type okay highly antigenic diet and where your three is the uh it causes the vaccine Associated polio myelitis okay vaccine Associated polio myelitis that's it okay so answer is your three that's it yeah next one another interesting question here uh the treatment of pregnant lady exposed to chickenpox patient so a lady is coming to you uh she's saying that she got exposed to her she's saying that I got exposed to a chicken uh I got exposed to a chicken pox patient so what should I do so what you will do she's already she's just pregnant and what you have to do so the first thing is of what are the options we have we we can give her the immunoglobin we can give viruses we can give acyclobin right acyclobin and we can give vaccine also right but what is the vaccine we have vaccine is eat okay we say always when you get Chickenpox you say Okay chicken is delicious you say okay but okay is what okay it's basically yeah it's a live or it's a uh yeah I'm sorry yeah it's a live vaccine it's a live vaccine can we give any live action to the pregnant lady not that is sort of outs okay okay it's a live chicken okay it's a live chicken remember okay whereas it's a live chicken you know like you eat the live chicken okay not the dead chicken live chicken so okay it's a live accent so this is not even so but you can do what immunoglobin and acyclobin so your option May check vaccine means it's out so vaccine is out out so this is not there so whatever only acid level is not enough okay because it can cause severe problems so usually give what you give the you give immunoglobulin plus acyclobin that's it okay that is one important thing and when you talk about this is during any time of pregnancy during the whole pregnancy course you can have okay and you know usually when she gets the earlier pregnancy she can get what congenital that can be congenital where is congenital if she gets chicken Cooks there'll be congenital where is Allah syndrome right congenital version in congenital version of student room what happened if it's an early stage of a pregnancy if she gets it she is going to be in trouble what are the trouble so the troubles are the troubles are she'll get the you know limb hyperplasia there is something called lymph hypo scarred skin lesion these are the common one yeah hypoplasia limb hypoplasia psychiatrical skin conditions psychiatrical or scar skin conditions are common psychological skin lesions okay scar it's basically a scar skin lotion so these are the common ones okay another thing is that when just uh before five days before five days delivery before five day or after two days of delivery before five days and after two days of delivery if mother gets chickenpox if she gets chickenpox then what you have to do you have to give immunoglobulin you have to give varicella zoster virus immunoglobulin to the neonate that's very very important if it is more than that time no problem because uh before fight no problem it's already the antibody must have you know developed and it has crossed with the child so no problem but in this period delivery for five day just before five days of delivery or two days after delivery make sure IV immunogram is given to the neonate this is also one question they can ask that's it okay this is much about the pregnancy correlated Chicken Box Car okay yeah now next one uh now here if you see this question which of the following is true regarding question or Forest disease kfd is Christina Forest disease I'll write it here now it's also called kaisner Forest disease um I'm sorry question or I think I made a mistake porous disease spellings are terrible Yeah question of foreign and then uh yeah usually foreigners they amplify the infection okay this is the important thing in question Forest disease you have to remember okay question for the question is basically Mysore old so old name was but now it become a Mysore okay my pronounce is wrong I'm sorry yeah so uh now see which is a true commonly seen in North State no k for k k for Karnataka so it's not possible wrong monkeys or amplifiers yes it sounds right so let's put a tick here transmit was soft no hot tick it is not soft tick and you also don't forget heartache as many times they ask this question 30 courses other disease also what are the DCC number solaremia babysiasis baby seosis and limes Lyme's disease and this kft now now kfd also come okay so how I remember heart tick oh not really that even your Rocky Mountain View Rocky Mountain fever okay tick 12 baby with lime you know baby with lime okay take the baby with lime okay and then kfd if it is a forest it is hard question foreign now next question the drug user treatment of listeria monocytogen this is this is this you shouldn't directly know only this is option uh but again if you're listed a motion if you remember what is the important thing to remember if it is it is the only gram positive gram positive basically that causes meningitis neonatal meningitis in your natural meningitis okay that is a clue one clue frequently asked and listeria means you know what material tummy listener tumbling Mobility tumbling or differential motility differential motility this word this is a characteristic question they are differential motility so now what happened apart from asking this neonatal meningitis tumbling or differential motility differential means you know they are usually uh in 26 degree celsius but then at a higher temperatures they become lazy they become non-motal 35 degree 36 degree they become normal time tumbling is a tumbling motivation so I always remember Tamil list tummy list you know a tummy list and tenny I call Anton is the test we do here and okay Anton test so these are the common things for Lister management but now first important is that what what is the treatment usual combination is ampicillin and Gentile is the usual combination amplitude and Gentile sufficient subtraction no use at all it will not it is not used in the list okay it doesn't have any foreign so your option is two three four only not one is wrong okay that's this is the easy question list area always amphicine and gentamic that's it okay yeah okay we came to the end right okay so these are the things I'm just making nothing yeah yeah so thank you doctors so these are the questions asked in the uh the CMS UPC CMS exam so a lot of questions are standard and I see this there is chance of these questions can be asked in your need or next or fmg the same question same little bit uh you know data meta they must have turned little bit otherwise you will get it so go through it once again and then all the best for upcoming exams thank you so much