Qat as poison part 3 -by Dr. Ibrahim I. El-gorafi 1983

the organ leaves containing may need fibers and the anger leaves have few fibers are curing occurring in groups of four to ten fibers only the individual fibers have thick highly refractive walls up to 5 Micron thick the walls give intense color with cellulose stain but they are also slightly lion 5 the Lumen varies in diameter and in places may be entirely obliterated many of the fibers are branched traditionally properly I'll try partly and the ends of the fibers are frequently bifurcated the fibers have the following Dimension radial and tangential equal to a to 18 Micron Longo terminal equal to frequently greater than 1 000 microns the xylem consists of radial rows of whistles placates and fiber strikade with well-defined mediality raised the cell walls of all the xylem eliminate are lignified no Crystal crystallize no crystals of calcium oxalate occurred in cells of the middle area days The Vessel shows spiral and annular thickening and maybe up to 20 Micron in diameter most trackades have elongated oval bordered pits though some trache show reticulate and Scalia reform thickening these are more common in the xylem applicability vein radial and tangential equal to 15 to 20 Micron long coatidinal equal to 100 to 200 Micron the fiber strikade also have elongated border pits and major radial and tangential equal to 10 to 18 Micron longitudinal equal to 270 to 850 micron I'm going to talk about the pitule the upper evidence consists of a single layer of cells covered with a fairly thick rough cuticle which gives the epiderms and surface view has created appearance the outer walls are convex and the anti-clinical walls are straight no trichomes or stomata are present the cells measure around eight to 24 Micron log 6 to 18 micromide and a to 24 Micron height the lower epidermis is similar in appearance to the r per epidermis except that the outer walls are not so convex and seen in the surface view of the cells are larger the cuticle Illustrated and the trichomes stomata and crystals of the calcium of the lead are present the sales manager about 12 to 48 Micron long 8 to 24 Micron white and four to eight Micron height the cortical region consists of parenchymetal cells some of which are the natural cells a large number contains cluster crystals of calcium oxalate the maximum size of which is 40 Micron in diameter the Stellar region is similar to that in the midriff the only difference being in the smaller number of pericyclic fibers which occur in global 2 to 8 fibers arranged as a Christian shaped tissue all the cells of the meristel are similar to those already described for the Madrid characters of powdered care number one fragments of lamination veins accompanied by cluster Crystal or calcium oxalate measuring 7 to 25 micron in diameter two fragments of laminar showing the upper epidermal cells with sine loss anti-clinical walls stomata stomata are absent and cells of the Palisade may be present three fragments of lamination the lower epidermal cells was slightly sinus and declare in our walls numerous surrounded by three or four occasionally five cells some cells may contain one or two cluster crystals of calcium oxalate four to eight Micron in diameter four parenchymetal cells contained in cluster Crystal of calcium oxalate measuring chiefly 12 to 32 Micron in diameter will sum up to 40 microns five cluster crystals of calcium oxalate 4 to 40 Micron in diameter six fragments of thickened wall slightly lignified per pericyclic fibers with Lumen of variable weight often obliterated the cells wall are shown intense coloration with cellulose stains the fibers may show try parade branches and the ends may be bifurcated can never sells the content of which can stain brown with dilutes solution of iodine greenish black was solution of ferric's chloride and orange red orange Redwood so then three a fragments of striated straight wall David cells from the petiole nine fiber trache with lignified walls and having elongated all the Border pits 10 and reticulate thickened and others with elongated border teeth foreign now I shall stop here at this point and next time I shall talk about the historical and literary references of cat thank you hello well I'm going now to continue talking my subject cat poison chewed in Yemen I shall be talking today on the historical and literary references certain anonymous records claim that cat has been found in the Yemen since ancient times and that it was brought from Ethiopia to the Yemen in 1424 A.D that is to say before the Coffee Tree was cultivated and the later place it was said to stimulate the memory and Alexander the Great is said to have used cat leaves to treat an infectious disease which spread among his soldiers the first threatened record of cat who cares in an Arab Arabic manuscript now and National and Paris written by Abdul Carter and 15 87 in which it is stated that in about 14 54 mostly of Aiden in Sheikh jamaledin Abu Muhammad Ben said introduced coffee drinking into Aiden from Ethiopia and that lawyers students and artists as well as people traveling or working at night took to drinking coffee instead of another drink which was then becoming popular and which was made from the leaves of a plant called cat or cat k h a t or q i t the first Europeans to describe and collect specimens of cut where the Swedish physician Peter for cicad from 1736 to 1763. and the Hanoverian geographer and Traveler Karsten neighbor on 1736 to 1815. who were both sent by Frederick V of Denmark on a scientific exhibition to the east especially Egypt and Arabia described cat which he found in Arabia under the botanical name cathaydules in the family cholesteria in his Flora egyptica Arabica published plus the mostly in 1775 by his friend nebhor as an additional species then designated as Spinosa Rochester reported that cat was being cultivated in Yemen in 1424. later authors had denied these facts and have claimed that cat only report appeared in Yemen after 1820 Dr altijani al-mahi said that it was referred to in the masalic El absar of ibmari 1881-1928. published published in 1920. which mentions a war between king sub-addin and a medicine king of Eritrea which lasted from 1892 to 1924. aliomari also mentioned that subreddin elevates a city and grow the cat three at the cat 3 there this story has been mentioned in Journal of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry where it says the first historical reference to cut appears in chronicle in a Chronicle on a medicine who praying in abyssinia from 13 14 to 13 44. this re relates that subredding then Arabian king of a fat before embarking on a war with a medicine said has four more eight his capital I shall make it mine and shall plant cut there because the Muslims like it according to her core the planting of catwalk introduced from abyssinia and to Yemen about 1424 by Sheikh Abu zerbin in the 16th century she had 18 Ahmed al-qadir Heaven Abdel gader who came from jizan and was known as fakihal Arab mention this tree and his photo heart al-habasha it is also mentioned in a pharmacobia published in 1486. by najibadin al-samarkande died on 12 20. as a stimulant and anabolic in the same Book on a notation by another Han says cat is found in kiloa and in Yemen under the name kafta copied in 1680 in Cairo on and crazy that was 1304 to 1642 it is stated that in Ayala a Somali City there was a stem from a tree with our truth the leaves were eaten by the natives because they stimulated the intellectual power and restored lost memory but they caused anorexia loss of sexual desire and insomnia Ebner the famous 14th century traveler mentioned that in Arabia and in Mogadishu he found the use of tombow or Pepper's Leaf was widespread among all social classes being offered to guests as a sign of hospitality especially at court in addition he said that the leaf was used in India although he called that plants tumble it must have been cut judging by his description of the effects of using the leaves especially the Euphoria furthermore at that time Temple was not to be found