e a very good evening to all of you myself Dr Salman and uh guys we are going to start with the discussion of the neat PG questions just a disclaimer before we begin at I'm sure everybody knows this the questions that we are going to have here definitely will have a change of language the whole idea is to get the main topics that were tested in the exam with you know relatively closer language that was asked please feel free to you know correct us put your comments down below and you can tell us in case the options were different or the language of questions even one word if you can add in a question that is more than welcome okay we will be always grateful to you before I begin I would like to say like this time this batch who is taking this exam is no less than any warriors with all the things that went on with the need PG Saga this time let it be the centers or in fact even on the day of exam we got to know like some students have missed the exam due to the things that happened that is the monsoon season traffic congestions Etc despite that you know having all the mental tension you guys took this exam we really hope that you guys you know get out of this in flying colors and you do I'm sure you did your best so let's not think about it whatever happened happened you guys are doing going to do well as of now let's just you know let the time sink in and after this eventually all the questions Etc that has come you know slowly people will start telling us this was like that that was like that first day when we are tired you know a lot of things may not be so accurate what we get so let us begin with the first question discussion here so a man presented to a physician with abdominal pain since last few days with a hisory hisory of fever and bradicardia now the history reveals he eats frequently outside due to regular traveling which test is used to confirm the diagnosis see one thing is clear here that if you're eating outside something with f oral might come from the given options you can actually figure out they might be talking about typhoid now what tells me that this is typhoid see one thing fever is there and you know that bradicardia that is relative bradicardia called as sign is seen with typhoid so this tells me most likely this is typhoid one more feature they may or they may not have mentioned in the question and that could have been the rose pots obviously they will not write the exact word Rose pots some things related to some rashes on the thorax Etc may be mentioned so whatever it is this gives us a clear picture that they're talking about something known as typhoid so since the diagnosis is typhoid here now we need to know some things according to the exposure since the time the patient has been exposed to this disease there are different different tests that we prefer for instance in the first week we would prefer blood culture second week we would prefer widal test third week stool culture and fourth week urine culture so why is it like that a lot of us know this famous test called widal test what exactly are we doing in Vidal test in the widal test we detect antibodies against the antigens of salmonella Tye okay we are detecting antibodies and you must always remember antibodies are formed at least after one week so obviously if you're doing Vidal test in the first week it will come negative right so that's why we should not do it in the first week Vidal test is only done after one week now in the question since they have mentioned a history Which is less than a week the best answer from the given options has to be blood culture okay so I hope you guys got it now there is this very famous pneumonic I'm sure you guys know something called as Basu so what is this Basu first one is blood culture second is antibody detection test which happens to be an example of a glutin test so we can remember a glutin test that is the a next s for stool culture U for urine culture all right next question a patient presented with fever nucal rigidity and rash he informs that he has a military background microscopy reveals a gr negative organism what can be the most likely cause okay now if you see one thing here nucal rigidity tells us that this must be a case of meningitis now as far as I know this is menitis if I look into the options I can see at least three options first three options that are like routine organisms causing meningitis okay so first three options can be correct now I guess they have given gram negative organism in the list gram negative means neria is also gram negative hemophilus is gram negative kiella is also gram negative so that is not helping unless and until they might have given gram negative kokai kokai means the answer is loud and clear neria but they didn't give that as far as I know so anyway gram negative is not helping me although all the three organisms are like that is there any other hint that guides me towards the answer yes the most unique feature that is the rash I'm sure you all know that rash is a very particular feature of neria menitis it's not seen in other organisms who causes meningitis so because of the presence of rash this guides me towards the answer called neria meningitis and one more history they give usually military Barracks or you know some religious gatherings where people are in closed vicinity of each other so that time once again there can be always outbreaks of this neria now do remember one more correlate that may come in the coming exams Mac deficiencies Mac deficiencies predispose us to neria infection membrane attack complex which is a part of our complement system right so if that is deficient if that is deficient it can actually lead to neral infections fine so this is all it is this is neria menitis as per the given question next is a female patient presents with burning micturation urine sample was collected and the testing showed the organism is quog negative and novobiocin resistant Nova bioin resistant what is the most likely agent implicated in this all right now first thing is clear that burning micturation means most likely it's a UTI and for that reason only the urine sample was collected yes now the organism is showing something called coaz negativity and novobiocin resistance So based on this although the agents here most of the them can cause UTI example Proteus can do that equalize the most common cause of UTI and staff saprophyticus all the things are here although eoli is the most common organism causing UTI I would not choose this answer here the reason is they are actually describe describing this classical case of honeymoon cystitis honeymoon cystitis usually younger females you know who are recently sexual active they make get this so check this out female was given and then quog negative and Nova bioin so first of all what is this coog test we do and for what purpose coog test is done to identify the species of stail ccus if the test is positive you should know it is Staff orus if the test is negative then you must know these organisms are called as cons the word cons stands for coag negative staff okay now once you know it is cons now our duty is to identify the two species what are the two species in the cons one is saprophyticus another is epidermidis both of them are Cog negative since both of them show the same result how should I know whether it is epidermidis or saprophyticus we do one antibiotic test what is this antibiotic noo bios Nova bioin so Nova bioin resistant Nova bioin resistant it is saprophyticus and novobiocin sensitive is epidermidis so our correct answer here will be saprophyticus since the word resistant was given the way you can remember the one is sensitive skin is sensitive skin is sensitive look at the word epiderm epiderm is sounding like skin we'll remember skin is sensitive so that's all it is saprophyticus is the answer so next question in this list here a patient was put on a central line a week ago and she developed fever following that microscopy reveals gr positive organism that multiplies by budding which of the following you know best matches with the clinical situation described here now guys some of the people actually made a mistake in this they looked at the word central line which I 100% agree central line catheters canulas this kind of words when they mention you have to think about staff epidermidis but here gram positive one more word was given so they quickly jump to the conclusion staff epidermidis I'm sure if you look at this question now you will be able to answer this correctly but that's the thing in the exam there is so much pressure silly mistakes May happen so sir this question the answer is not epidermidis rather the answer is candida you know why we are choosing the candida first of all you must know even fungi we can do Gram stain next buding was mentioned budding was mentioned see fungi are broadly of two types one type of fungi they are called as East another type of fungi are called as molds okay molds prod prod something called as H that's their unique feature they produce hyi and easts produce something called budding they reproduced by a process called as budding okay now this candida is a East although it's described in East like category and there's a very special feature called pseudo with this guy the point is this it is actually e so birding word was mentioned so that's why we are going to go with this answer called as candada alans if buring was not there then you would be 100% correct if you chose epidermidis next question this is more or less easy a patient presented with complaints of perianal itching this history itself is enough to tell us the organism it's a very unique thing right perianal itching specifically this is by someone called as enterobius vermicularis apart from this I believe even the egg picture was given I'm not sure if the word perinal itching was described or not okay please let me know in the comments so either way if image was given or perinal was given then you have to choose the answer as enterobius vermicularis now what do you need to see like in this egg I'm not talking about textbook words if you see first of all this eggs they have this line in between them and they kind of look like coffee beans if you see all right so you need to remember coffee beans here now the way I teach students so that you can kind of imagine and remember you need to draw this kind of a border that I just did here right this kind of a border if you draw and remember we remember it as e for enter obious okay this would be e for enter obious this is how this egg needs to be memorized there are other eggs also that we you know have in paraso and there are ways to remember them so this is a easy way that usually you know some pictographic pneumonics that can stay in your head so enter obious should be the correct answer for this next let's move on a farmer presented to the hospital with fever retroorbital pain red eyes conjunctival suffusion calve tenderness and joint pain and joint pain what is the probable diagnosis that you can expect in here friends see you must understand something if they had mentioned these things example red eyes that is conjunctive it is this words along with Cal tenderness you must know most likely they're talking about one infection called lepos okay the correct answer here is going to be lepos spiry so sir couple of things that I will tell you leptospira a similar type of a question has already been asked in the need PG previously so topics would be more or less repeated like you know something that has been asked before similar type of a things will come definitely I understand under exam pressure and definitely there must be changes in the language Etc but the theme remains you know some something similar so leptos spiry is the answer now maybe next time they can switch over and ask you something else so I'll just tell you like what is another thing that you must keep in mind that can be asked in the future of this see there is a test that we actually do for the diagnosis of that guy that is called as microscopic agutin test okay so I repeat this is called as microscopic agutin test okay now let us check this out what exactly is microscopic agutin test sir there are three utenation test that I would ask you to know one is cold agutin test okay cold agutin test this is one next standard utenation test standard utenation test and third one that I would say is microscopic agutin test microscopic agutin test take so these are the three names that you are going to see here now all this three test anything can be asked in your upcoming exams let's remember for which which organisms we do this this is done for micoplasma micoplasma this is done for somebody called as bruella and this is done for leptospira that we just said okay so you got to remember this by one pneumonic you can remember cat sat on mat cat sat on mat may be later maybe later okay so memorize it like this cat sat on mat maybe later so this is once again another anticipated McQ leptospirosis is a disease which has one more name called Wheels dis disease hepatorenal syndrome they can be jaundice they can be renal failure apart from all the features that you're seeing here so it's again a routine McQ this organism happens to be one of the Spyro okay and moving on to the next question a patient presented with painful genital lesions that is tender to touch as shown in the image below identify the disease implicated in this now guys one thing right away see you all must be knowing that definitive there will be questions on STDs and this exam was no different they have asked questions on this whenever you're reading a question of STD always remember you should keep in mind either the STDs may present as lesions on the genitalia or they will present as discharge this place lesions were said and they were shown so I know these are lesions all right I can see them on the genitalia but there is one more buzzword right away they gave that is painful the moment the word painful comes you should know right away either the answer is going to be shank roid from hemophilus dukra or the answer is going to be herpes one of the two unfortunately in the options you see both of them herpes is also there shanko is also there but there is one more thing they gave the image Right image is showing this all small small vesicular lesions sir if you see recurrent recurrent painful vesicular lesions this is the identity of herpes herpes produces all vesicular lesions if you check shingles if you check you know all these things you're going to see this vesicular lesions so that's it the best answer for this dude would be hsv2 hsv2 I don't know if number number two was mentioned or not either way HSV 1 and two both causes STD it's more common by number two compared to number one all right so that's all next moving further a traveler presented with diarrhea abdominal pain and vomiting after consuming Seafood the organism also showed positivity for something called as kanag Gava phenomenon which of the following is the likely cause okay which of the following is the likely cause so guys remember you know basically whenever they talk about food poisonings there might be some buzzword Chinese fast food if they mention Chinese Fast Food answer would be most likely basilla serus right like that some kind of food they will mention for us to choose the answer this time Seafood was given you should know whenever they mention Seafood there are some vibrios that are associated with this okay there are some vibrios these vibrios are called as halophilic vibrios look at the word itself the halophilic word okay the halophilic word halo means salt salt loving vibrio where is salt abundantly found in the sea water that's why these guys are found in the seafood okay and you must be knowing in a lot of countries Seafood is consumed pretty much raw pretty much raw example Sushi and many other things and one more hint that they given me to choose this correct answer is Kanagawa phenomenon which also happens to be you know once again a previous McQ in this exams kanaga phenomenon it's nothing but a agar in which we add salt basically it's a salt containing agar then only this organism will grow because it loves salt that is what is called kanaga phenomenon okay there is one agar called as wagatsuma AAR okay wagatsuma AAR on this we can demonstrate this kanaga phenomenon so because of this the correct answer is going to be vibrio parahemolyticus they are the halophilic vibrios not the routine vibrio colera okay there is other guys also in this list so from this options this is the organism that should be correct now this is easy pz desert rheumatism is associated with which of the following organisms desert rheumatism is the name that is given to an infection that is caused by coido micosis coido micosis Sir I'm sure you know histoplasma most of this organisms that you're seeing here they are all dimorphic fungi and dimorphic fungi are more common in American continent they endemic America so that's why if you see histoplasma has a name like Ohio fever okay there is a name called as Chicago disease so all these names if you see these are all states in America yes or no so like that desert rheumatism this is seen especially in those areas you know where the deserts are you need to keep in mind when you're talking about the desert desert say camel and C for Camel C for coido micosis coido micosis so this guy apart from the routine features of dimorphic fungi what does dimorphic fungi do they all cause pulmonary infection apart from the pulmonary infection desert rheumatism causes some nodules arthema nodm and it also causes arthritis because the swellings Under the Skin and arthritis is present it is compared to rat R antism right romantism I hope you guys understand that so this is the answer next question is a child shows Coro retinitis hydrophilus and parental calcifications what is the most likely diagnosis what is the most likely diagnosis all right so guys the moment you see this kind of a question the first thing that should pop in your head is torch okay the torch where we all know t for Toxoplasma o for others R for rubella C for CMV H for herpes so these are all the organisms that exist in this list so sir from this list there are couple of features that tells me most likely this is the answer all right now one thing is if you see calcification right away it should ring bells there are two answers that are possible one is tox Al so another is CMV one of the two things next once this is there I need to know one more word if the word is periventricular calcifications then I would have chosen CMV but if they mention paranal or cerebral calcifications then I would choose obviously the answer as Toxoplasma okay so this is what you must know Toxoplasma will become the the answer a patient having history of HIV developed diarrhea stool microscopy for the eggs was negative that means eggs were not found there is presence of some larvea inside this identify the organism that was mention okay so who do you think the answer in this is see nor nor speaking whenever we get to hear the word you know HIV and diarrhea some organisms that should pop into your head is cryptosporidium Cyclospora isospora okay that guy is now called a CYO isospora but anyway these are the guys usually we know and I'm sure you may remember these are those guys that have eggs that are AET fast pink color eggs would be seen But eggs were negative in this one thing is clear that means it cannot be this cryptos porium Etc now comes the point now comes the point remaining three chistosa mansoni this is a guy that is associated you know with certain things like cama fever Etc okay next anelos duil anel osta and necator are those WMS that are usually associated with iron deficiency anemia strel loides on the other hand strel loides on the other hand you must remember that this causes hyperinfection in HIV patients since HIV history is mentioned and one of the warms from the three has to be chosen from this the best answer will become strel loides and one more thing that you must always keep in mind is there are no male WMS in strel loides there are no male worms there are only females in fact you can remember strong ladies okay strong ladies are you understanding this feminism at its peak in the warms so strong ladies no male warms in this please remember this process or this special thing is called parthenogenesis okay we call it as parthenogenesis a very unique feature that exist in this warms that only they are ladies but still they are able to reproduce okay so that's why this answer that I'm going to choose for this is going to be strel loides my friends okay next one a farmer suffered a wound in his foot now there is a swelling with sinuses discharging pus microscopy of of the discharge shows gr positive filamentous organisms identify the organism all right now one thing you must understand is since they are mentioning the history of something in the feet mostly a topic that is tested in exam all the time related to feet is Myoma also called Madura foot so this mom or Madura foot can be caused by two things as we know one is bacteria called actinomyces hence it's called actinomycotic Moma although the name says actinomycotic it's not just actinomyces even nocardia there is one more guy who's involved that is nocardia and then there is fungal ones which is called as tic Moma fungal species like madurella Etc they are going to do this so since they mentioned this word gram positive first of all and second they mention filamentous organisms filament is see this is a very unique feature of these organisms normally a rod is Rod like this but these guys are all going to appear like this all half aert like branches so this is the branching filamentous appearance a very unique feature of this and one more thing that I would like all of you to know is nocardia is even going to have acid fast staining it is also acid fast although it's called partially acid fast but it is acid fast okay so they can do that as well they can give acid fast staining and they can do that so here we go we going to choose the answer as nocardia over here friends nocardia okay next let's keep moving further a patient presented with a diarrhea and was later diagnosed with EHC EHC stands for ano hemorragic eoli antio hemorrhagic eoli The Strain is o157 H7 what does the H antigen indicate here H antigen indicate here that means in this naming like o 157 and H what is this o and H O is the somatic antigen that exist in this okay H is the antigen that represents filla H is the antigen that represents filla see this organism is from this family what we call as anob bacteria family there are many members in this some of them are motile some of them are non-motile the guys who are motile will always have H antigen right they will always have the H antigen so we are simply going to remember the answer to this will be fella motile organisms flagella this is the word next doctors let's check this out an adult man presented with discharge from the urra with history of unprotected sexual intercourse Gram stain of the sample is shown below what is the drug of choice for the treatment of this patient okay now let's try to understand something sir when we are saying sexual word once again we are talking STD right here Gram stain is given now if you pay a slight attention to the Gram stain you can see the organisms are here okay see this is not organism these are our wbc's those little little things these are the organisms that you're able to see so obviously a very clear picture must have been given in your exam pink color round organisms are seen pink means gram negative round means kokai so simply put now I know this is a gram negative Kai gram negative kokai so sir once I know this is gr negative kokai I already know the answer this is neria gonor neria gonor Sir for neria goria one of the best medicine is seph trione right it is a injectable SEF trione but the question did not give sephra exone there is a cousin of sephra exone which is available in oral form now that is sexim see it's a general practice you all must be knowing sephone the word you hear you should know injectable and then sexim is usually the alternate form which is given in the oral same thing we do in typhoid also typhoid also we can give sexone if the patient is admitted or we can give oral seix so sir bu it basic you had to know and that's all acyo would be given for the viral infection called herpes you can see benzathine penicillin is given for syphilis so like that you could have easily ruled out so the answer here has to be seix Zim next my friends let's move an adult man same story I believe something of this sort was asked an adult man presented with discharge from urethra with history of unprotected sexual intercourse Graham stain of the sample shows gram negative Kai so they said gram negative Kai so I know this is neria I know this is neria gonor what is the culture media used for this patient that's the question that they have asked what is the culture media for this patient sir you all should know one thing culture media that is used for the neria it is called by the name of the Martin media okay this is known as the Martin media LJ media is used for TB PTA potassium torite agar is used for deia MSA that is manitol salt agar is for staff orus so sometimes you know this is a pure memorization this is something that you have to look at like one to two days before exam culture Medias next question is a young boy uses contact lenses on regular basis he was careless about his lens fluid Etc and therefore developed keratitis microscopy showed an organism with spikes Etc identify the organism okay now from the given list I believe it's not so difficult to figure out something first of all if they're asking about keratitis or lens Etc the most common organism is pseudomonas okay pseudomonas this happens to be the most common organism let's say they wanted to ask you fungus then they could have given aspergilus okay aspergilus also can do that but sudom Monas is the most common organism overall now in this question they have not given that as the option the next thing is there is a parasite right there is a parasite so this happens to be in the amibe category now so an amiba is one amiba that causes decent re bloody diarrhea but that's not what they're asking here there's one more called aanta aanta is the one that is associated with this lens infections naria has something else naria does something called as Pam primary Amic meningo and saitis that is associated with swimming okay so it's a straightforward question e canba keratitis that's how you should in fact memorize this and you may all know this is how I teach in my class two words only e canba keratitis so let's move on the next thing is a patient developed a a plastic crisis following a viral infection identify the organism okay see first of all this word itself should ring a bell like that one word is enough if this was really given in the question that is the buzzword for this organism a plastic crisis is seen by parvo virus parvo virus b19 parvo virus b19 okay so what is the story you can remember that parvo virus has special predilection towards your erthrocytes we can remember B for blood cell called RBC we can remember like that right B for blood cell that is RBC so let's just assume as simple that it may reduce your rbcs let's just say say that and if you're already having one existing anemia if you're already having some existing hemoglobinopathies this will be definitely causing that crisis already the anemia is worsening you plus this virus will now add on to the problem that is called as aplastic crisis usually it does it in sickle cell anemia patients okay sickle cell anemia patients so you must keep this in mind my friends okay sickle cell anemia patients done so this answer would be parvo virus b19 next one if we continue further a patient presented with edema in the lower limbs microscopy showed sheth organism with absence of nuclei in the tail tip what is the most likely organism okay see I have always emphasized during my classes that if a question comes on this topic mostly it's going to be this although it looks like such a you know daunted precise information that we need to know in the tail nuclear present not present and all that but we need to know this for the answers let us look at something then we go back and solve that McQ this is a table that I want you to fit in your head before you go into the exam Hall most of the time if a question comes on this this is it okay so sir here is a chart that is showing you all the ferial agents okay ferial agents first two are you know the agents which we classically know for the elephantiasis or the fases classical fases the other two the other two they are going to cause subcutaneous filariasis okay organisms like loaa onos CA Etc so these organisms are also associated with fasis by the way okay now let us begin what are the things that you need to know so first thing wer area bankrupty when you talk about somebody called as vcar areia bankrupty and bugia Malai as I said they're associated with lymphatic fasis these two are associated with lymphatic fasis bankrupty you need to remember it is bankrupt in nuclei bankrupty is bankrupt in nuclei this is the word that you must keep in mind okay next buia Malay this is the guy buia Malay this is the guy that has 223 nuclei 223 nuclei all right so first thing over sheath is present in everybody except one guy called enosa now I'll give you a hint how to remember this also enosa is associated with something called as river blindness it is associated with river blindness imagine the person is blind imagine we are blind neither the sheath can be seen nor the nuclei can be seen sub absent everything is absent so as I said in this condition onos everything is absent there is nothing else what are we left with sir we are left with the remaining three bankrupty buamai and loaa okay Lowa Lowa so now that you know this sheet is present in all that was mentioned sheet to but what decides whether it's bankrupty Malay or loaa here we go absent bankrupty it is completely absent in the buia Malay in the buia Malay M for Malay three nuclei are present and in loaa multiple are present okay in laaa multiple are present so now let's go back read this question once again maybe some hint now we can get from this a patient presented with edema in the lower limbs there is no nuclei in the tail Tip since they mention there is no nuclei in the tail tip then we should go for the answer oh the options printed here are wrong okay anyway the thing that you should go for it is wer area bankrupty okay so I'm not sure what all options were given but the answer has to be wer area bankrupty okay don't worry I'll ask the team to get this corrected uh there might have been a misprint while they were making this next now that we are done let's take this further a woman who is in her reproductive age presented with foul smelling discharge pelvic pain and dis disuria clue cells were also noted which of the following is responsible organism for the same now this is one question which I would say is definitely controversial one reason is clue cells if they give see trionas when you get there is a very good chance that you may also get bacterial vaginosis also so that may be reason you know clue cells are seen and some Studies have shown you know clue cells being present in tonas also in fact that fish fishy order fishy order they talk about even in trionas by the way although that fishy order of wh test we know from you know Gardener that is bacterial vaginosis they say that sometime but that's a very controversial Point okay so since I am not left with any other option in this because CMV is not going to do this HPV is lesions it's not discharge now discharge word is already given so this is not possible herpes is again lesions because of that then I'm going to go for this thing that is tronas so please correct me guys in case clue cells Etc were not mentioned then it's more of a straightforward question only all right that's it now next one causitive organism for the image shown okay causitive organism for the image shown so once again I would say this is also slightly controversial question that was asked but let's just have a look at this what we can actually answer from this it is given ectothrix or endox one picture was given what is this Ecto and the endothrix this basically is the hair shaft hair follicles hair shaft now the thing is there can be infections of this if the fungal infection is happening on the hair shaft this is outside so it's called ectothrix you can see this is basically the hair this is the hair you can see here and then around this these are all the things that you're able to see they are called Ecto then there is endox endo word means inside so you can see once again this is the hair follicle and then hair shaft you can see things inside now sir simple word one I get to know when I look at this question is hair in involvment they have given hair involvement candida I will rule out from this epidermophyton also I will rule out from this why would I rule out epidermophyton skin and nails are involved by epidermophyton they mentioned here so this cannot be the option now trios sporum trosor or microsporum one of the things can be there because microsporum also involves skin and hair trichosporon Bly if you know trios poron B this is how we learn now Bly is white it is associated with white Pedra Pedra is also infection of the hair so I don't know if there is more history or something that was given please help me with that otherwise even I cannot choose the correct answer from this it could be this also it could be this also okay I hope you guys are understanding this Piedra is a infection of the hair only now we have black Piedra and the white Pedra so now that we are seeing this here let's move on next a female presented with a symptomatic U and growth of Staff saprophyticus with 10 the^ of 4 colonies of nov bosin resistance were noticed choose the correct option for this okay so first thing you must understand is normally speaking there is something called CES C criteria for the diagnosis of UTI okay in this there are different things that are present I'm not going to teach you the entire thing right now I'll just tell you usually if you see 10 the^ of 5 greater than 10 the power of five organisms that means 1 2 3 4 5 more than these many bacteria if you're seeing in the urine sample you know then you are going to say this is a UTI but here 10 to the power power of four only was given now there is one more clause in this if it is symptomatic even 10 the^ of 4 is considered as a UTI are you understanding that generally if asymptomatic person has greater than 10 the^ of 5 we call it a UTI but now since the person is symptomatic this has to be considered as a UTI that's it okay so I hope everybody understood this next sir another question this is from Immunology what is the function of interlukin 8 interlukin 8 sir the fever is associated with interlukin 1 activation of th1 response It Is by interlukin 12 chemoattractant for neutrophil is this guy called interlukin 8 interlukin 8 okay proliferation of cd8 cells once again become interlukin 2 over here interl to so now that you're looking at this things what is the function of interlukin it is given here it's a chemo attractor right so technically there are some other chemo attractants also like lucot Trine B4 interlukin 8 c5a these are all the other guys that are also chemoattractants so keep an eye on this like once they ask one thing like this they may ask something else in the next exam okay so I'm repeating you have c5a okay next you have uh lucot Trine B4 and this interlukin 8 this nugan score or amels criteria if you know this is straightforward that is used for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis now in the recent exams like last year in the fmg examination they have asked amels criteria used for the diagnosis of and I believe this time they just you know changed it a bit and they asked nugin score is used for bacterial vaginosis and this is a very frequently tested topic bacterial vaginosis either that or it's antibiotic everything you know you must know back forth next this also apparently was given please do comment and let me know um did you actually get this broad based budding broad based budding image was given see for instance what exactly is budding this is a e cell it's a unicellular cell it reproduces by a thing called budding let's say if I'm talking dimorphic fungi if I was given this image then I would say this is histoplasma okay I would say this is histoplasma it shows narrow based budding nothing special but if you see this kind of a appearance like a number eight ETC number eight this is called broad BAS based budding and this is a feature of blastomyces and guys the way you should remember this is it looks like letter B imagine it like letter b and write down this is going to be blastomyces okay blastomyces so that's all about this next one more image based question I believe that was given a child suffering from diarrhea and vomiting em that is electron micro Copic picture of the organism is shown below identify the organism identify the organism now if you look at this image what they're showing you is the wheel shaped organism wheel-shaped organism and you must know this wheel shaped like organism what you're looking at this is Rota virus Rota virus Rota virus is obviously the most common cause of diarrhea and children as we all know nothing new so that was asked but I don't know the other options so this is what you will answer and you will remember that this is Rota virus because of its wheel shape and we will remember wheel rotates wheel rotates you know you may see children okay playing with this this is something that is very famous in India we all know this right children play with tires they are going to play with this Wheels technically so I'm just saying children are associated with this you should know this word wheel shape Rota virus that's the word right there okay so this is all we are done with this section please follow me on Instagram this is my handle Dr s key that is same thing as you see in the vaccine called Suk okay polio vaccine so drore s k this is my Instagram ID please follow me there any queries Etc that you have feel free to ask and there will be questions Etc related to this subject that you will find plenty and you can always you know improvise so thank you very much for holding on everybody and I'm looking forward for your suggestions and whatever that might have come in the exam Hall so all the best for your results thank you and bye-bye