Qat as poison part 2 -by Dr. Ibrahim I. El-gorafi 1983

of 60 centimeter the branches are soft can and brownish in color the leaves are juicy reddish when fresh turning greenish yellow with age they are about 10 centimeter in length and 5 centimeter in breadth when re-band serrated margins the central grip is prominent particularly at the base of the leaf other descriptions of the cat three describe it as small with pale leaves and never bearing flowers or seeds the variety clostridia but it is Richard mentioned earlier has a different shape of flowers larger and longer anatomical study the first anatomical description of the leaf was given by colon on 1893 and apart from the inadequate description of the fibers it is substantially correct 1943-44 gives only a brief and incomplete description in which he refers to the crystals of calcium oxalate as twin crystals the British pharmaceutical codex 1949 includes a short account of the leave as an adultant or substitute for tea the crystal of calcium oxalate are correctly described though no sizes are given and reference is also made to taniferous cells Paris 1958 gives a very brief description of the features of the power that lived with some drawing but totally inadequate to be of great help and identifying the powder leaf with any certainty I'm going to be closer to the camera to show you better this is cross section cross section for the leaf through an open Fruit and the other one cross section through an open Fruit and down below an open fruit with one of the wells removed showing the seed foreign bells of cat used in this investigation were obtained as follows a example purchased in Bazaar in Aden in October 1959 by Mrs V Stewart and flown to England the same day be assembled collected in January 1960 from cultivated plants of Qatar Julius vertical in Ethiopia by J donor he is q both samples were presented to the pharmaco buenosi Museum of the Chelsea School of Pharmacy macroscopical features the Slender Twigs have from 10 to 15 leaves arranged in opposite pairs with occasional displacement at the base of the stem so that the lower leaves may appear to be arranged alternately the leaves are Central and measure 4 to 11 centimeter long and 1.825 centimeter wide add the widest part they have short ground petul 3 to 7 millimeter long in a fresh condition the leaves are bright green and the surfaces are glossy when dry the leaves are paler the color of those surfaces being similar the lamina is glaborous and slightly accumulate Apex and an acute symmetrical base with the exception of a small portion near the base which is entire the margin is a rate the upper surface shows distinct pinnate venation but this is more marked on the lower surface the midriff being prominent round and yellow to reddish brown in color a few of the lateral veins leave the Madrid at a fairly wide angle 45 degree but the majority leave at the narrow angle 25 to 30 degree and immediately curve upwards near the margin the lateral veins and Stamos to form reticulate the nation the leaves are odorless and have slightly astringent taste hello here I am back to continue reading my subject of the cat a poisoned chewed in Yemen cat and Latin k h a t I'm moving now to the microscopical features the lamina the upper epidermis consists of a single layer of polygonal cells covered with a fairly thick smooth cuticle the outer walls of the cells are thickened with cellulose but the anticlip the anti-clanial walls which are some hot sinus are not thickened to any great extent no trichomes or stomata are present the cells measure about 12 to 55 Micron long 10 to 36 Micron light and 10 to 16 Micron height the appearance of the epidermal cells over the veins is similar to the remainder of the upper epidermal cells the Mizu feel is clearly differentiated into Palisade and spongy mesophyll the Palisade consists of two rows of 10 volts cylindrical cells those of the inner row being usually shorter and wider than those of the upper row the Palisade ratio is 2.75 to 3.8 for apart from the chloroplasts there are no distinctive cell inclusions in the upper row but occasionally the cells of the lower row are enlarged and contain cluster a cluster Crystal of calcium oxalate [Music] frequently the cells of the lower row are in groups of two or three with spaces between them sometimes a cell of the inner row is y or funnel shape and probably functions as a collecting cell from the adjacent cells of the upper row the spongy mesophyll which consists chiefly of thin walled rounded to elongated cells show three interesting features when the cells are adjacent to the Palisade cells are often larger and y-shaped each being in contact with two or three Palisade cells and probably function as collecting cells this is reported by Sam Jalen and Happy Hills landed 1909 two the cells are arranged to show a pattern of regularly spaced large air spaces like uni 3 the cells adjacent to the lower epidermis are more closely arranged in two or three rows and except where there are stroke stomata in the epidermis show no large air spaces some of the cells of the meso field contain cluster Crystal of calcium oxalate measuring 12 to 32 Micron in diameter our cells particularly those near to the lower epidermis contain slightly granular content which stain brown with dilute solution of iodine greenish black with solution of ferric chloride and orange red with the sudan3 sometimes the contents are colored pale Brown and in such cases the color reaction with sudan3 is not obvious these are the cells referred to in the British pharmaceutical codex as peripherals cells but it is probable that the contents are resonance since they are not readily soluble in water but are soluble in ethanol 90 percent the Lord epidemis consists of a single layer of polygonal cells the walls of which are thickened in a similar manner to those of the upper epiderms the anti-clinical walls are only slightly sinus the epidermis is covered with a fairly thick smooth cuticle some of the cells contain one or two small crystals of calcium oxalate which are either clusters or conglomerates of few components these crystals are smaller than those in the Middle Field and measured four to eight Micron and diameter no trichomes are present but there is a large number of unknown most cytic stomata surrounded by three or four occasionally five cells the epidermal cells measure about 10 to 40 micro long 8 to 20 Micron white and a to 12 Micron height the stromal index is 10.4 to 14.2 to 18.8 the appearance of the lower epidermal cells over the veins differs from the remainder of the epiderms there are no stomata no cells contained in crystals of calcium oxalate and seen in surface view the cells are irregularly rectangular in shape when a clear piece of Lamina is examined microscopically cluster Crystal of calcium oxalate are seen to accompany all the veins the crystals measure 7 to 25 micron and diameter examination of the transverse section of the lamina through the lateral vein show them to have similar features to the mid rep the crystals of calcium oxalate being in the flow parenchyma the vein and eyelid number is four to five one to seven now I'm going to talk about the mid rip both upper and lower evidence are similar to those already described as covering the veins of the lamina except that the cell walls are thicker and that over the lower portion of the midriff they gradually change in appearance to resemble the masses of the patrol the Palisade of the lamina is discontinuous over the midriff foreign of cells the remainder of the mid red cortex consists of large bounded parakeymata cells with small anter cellular spaces and the younger leaves the cell walls are thin but in the older leaves they may be thickened with cellulose can never cells are present particularly near to the lower epidermis no star sheath epidermis appears to be present the maristello is accurate in shape but the actual shape of the xylem and the presence or absence of additional meristel depends upon the position along the midrap at which the section is cut the flow consists of sieve tubes companion cells floor parenchyma and some small can never sell no fibers are present in the phloem which is tended by a crescent of very cyclic fibers the extent of the development of these fibrous tissue depends upon the age of the leaves the older leaves containing May near fibers