Part 33: Black Marxism (Chapter 6)

hey y'all so we are on oops oh black for red which on excuse me part two R of black radicalism chapter 6 the historical archaeology of the black radical tra tradition and under chapter 6 black for red um this is like the indigenous people read is indigenous like uh Native Americans type of thing or yeah indigenous or Aboriginal and then black you know who that is okay Davidson argues that it is now fairly certain that the that the period 1519 through 1650 the area New Spain received at least 120,000 slaves or 2third of all Africans imported into the Spanish possession in America into Spanish into the Spanish possessions in America enria V's more recent studies as we have already seen confirmed Davidson's Impressions while substantially expanding the total number of transported Africans the excuse me the Colonial Industries of sugar and cloth production and later of the Silver Mines were primarily sites in which African labor was assigned as Indian labor atrophied during the second half of the century in the in consequence of its unnatural declines or legal restrictions and the settlers stumbled upon the richest Silver Mines in the world Africans began their domination of the labor of the plant of the labor of the plantations in the mines in 1750 oh I already told y'all How African I mean plantations were like a form of European imperialism to exploit the land right listen don't look at my hair guys I might cut it off I might is this the right one no where's my other one here it is guys I have so many notebooks [Music] everywhere okay it's really crazy um oh I started putting the notes together so I'll be post posting all these notes and then starting with these notes for onto Discord I just have to continue to put them into PDFs but I have no space so I'm making space for y'all uh no but I actually need to make space my thing um the system of European Imperial ISM created the plantation as an economic unit and as a system to be utilized in the exploitation of the natural resources of those areas where the sovereignty of Europe was extending extended following the lead of industrial capitalist Traders and adventurers that's from pan-africanism and the in the African diaspora by Ronald Walters by 1750 Mexico contained over 20,000 Africans amans by 1650 their numbers were believed to be closer to 35,000 by then what amounted to to a supplement of more than 100,000 afrito no afros of black and Indian parentage Again by this later period David and State's 8,000 to 10,000 Africans would be found working on the sugar plantations and cattle ranchers in the ranches in the Eastern region around the coastal lowlands between vertic ver Vera Cruz and pan panco oo puko maybe and the slopes of of the cad Sierra Madre Oriental another 15,000 would be absorbed by the Silver Mines in the ranches of the regions north and west of Mexico City 3,000 to 5,000 were bound to similar Industries located between po and the Pacific coast and 20,000 to 50,000 employed in urban occupations in Mexico City and the valley of Mexico by the beginning of the 19th century Gonzalo AR ared belan states that the descendants of those workers who by then were classified in rough terms as blacks mulad and zomos afro Indians were reported in the 1810 census as 6 63441 a little more than 10 of the mexic than a tenth of the Mexican population there is however much more to be understood of their presence in Mexico and the Spanish qualities of the Indies and South America than their mere numbers the systematic transportation of black labor to the new world had not always been an obvious or requisite step for a few decades as we have seen it had not seemed uh it had not seemed necessary at all when it did begin it almost completely overturned the more casual application of Liberian racial structures that have already been transferred to the colonies and think about that you know how we were talking about uh race before race I mean racism before race the constructions of race as we know it like because race is a social construct the only real race is the human race right but there was racism before the conceptions of race of negro of white of this that of a third and you can see that with how the Englishmen um called the Irish Savage barbaric lazy this that and a third and that's that racism before race it was the othering of people based off of cultural differences language like this that the third whatever so it's talking about how these racial structures are being transplanted to a new world so yeah okay in the beginning that is in the beginning that is the most most probably in the decade that ended the 15th century but most certainly the one that began the 16 small groups of enslaved Africans had come to the new world as c as companions of the Conquistadors when the Nicolas de oando took up his governorship in Hispanola in 152 his company included an unknown number unknown number of black and molato ctors they were landos hispanicized blacks linos hispanicized blacks okay sorry I just need to think about that but within the year ovando requested of his queen that she prevent all future arrivals of such people he reported that those already on the island had been a source of Scandal to the Indians and some had fled their owners and established independent settlements in the mountains see wherever black people are they said concerned that the Indians might be led from the path of Christian righteousness Isabella demanded isab Isabella immediately barred the shipment of landos the queen of Castile however had provided only a short relief for landino workers she died in 1504 and the colonies had previously that had previously been exclusively administered by Castile had came under the direction of her husband Ferdinand of Aragon Ferdinand who come who at some point became convinced that one black could do the work of four Indians in in quotations informed ovando that the threat of black rebellion was offset by the need for black labor in the minds and meditations from 1505 until 1522 Lino slaves increasingly replaced the Native Workforce as the latter was disseminated oh the Native Workforce was disseminated by the discipline of eoma which is like a slave system type of thing let's look it up to be sure look hold up eoma enoma enoma was a formal system of forc labor and Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines intended to encourage conquest and colonization so here's like the hierarchy oh it's flipped so down here we have enslaved Africans Native American Indians mzos mzos cre and then peninsulares Spanish Spanish born in the SP Spanish Spaniards born in Spain dang ew it should be flipped no no I mean there's there should not be a hierarchy in general so let me stop sorry disease and demoralization in the latter year the policy prohibiting the import of landos was rein instituted that policy was reiterated in 1530 1532 1543 1550 and the various aenos granted between 1595 and 169 henceforth only Bales Africans obtained in Africa were to be eligible for the transportation to the New World We Shall investigate the reasons behind this turn of Fortune shortly a few oh excuse me I just had breakfast a few linos however played less Anonymous Parts in the qu in the conquest of the new world Leslie route characterized them as compatriots one nfo Deano accompanied B boa in 1513 another Juan gido gido handsome John is in parenthesis apparently C apparently crossed the Atlantic as a free man participated in the siege of of Teno Chan I don't know how to pronounce that t e n o c h i t i t l a n in 1521 and in subsequent conquests and Explorations tried his hand as an entrepreneur with both negro and Indian slaves of his own in the earlier search for gold and took his place as a citizen in the Spanish quarter of Mexico City gido who gido whose fortunes were entirely linked to with those of his Patron heran gz died in in poverty a victim it is to be believed of the Great Plague that struck Mexico City in 14 1547 estaban estab biano in parenthesis was with the less Hardy nadz in Florida in 1528 having survived his his master he completed an 8-year Trek from Florida to Mexico City with three other con conquistadors only to perish in the hands of of Zuni in 1538 while acting as a guide for another master ferraria I don't know how to say this frier f r a f r i a r maros ninia Juan Valente accompanied Al Alvarado armies Army in its March from Guatemala to Peru in 1534 in 1536 and 1540 Valente fought with Vala's Army against the aru kanyan aruk kanyan a r a u c a n i a an Indians in Chile in 1546 while in 1546 when Val oh wait Val via granted him an estate in in 14 in 1548 Val Valiente became the first landino to receive an enoma Black Faces in high places no no but really though like think about that okay significantly significantly enough when he died in 1553 killed in action against the arqua his old ma Master Alonso Valiente had begun legal action to reclaim him and any property he had amassed other linos were to be found in the entourages of Aila in 1514 n Nar narz narz girl [Music] no oh we still got to do discussions we're back guys I'm getting a new Bonnet because the Bonnet that I have this one has not been helping my skin it's like been pulling it and so that's what also like messed up my hair too that's what the doctor said but anyways would I be look would I look good with a short haircut like just short curly and then I can just regrow my hair out I think I could I think I I think that could be a look but I really actually do need validation on that because because I have a big head anyway anyways um NZ during his initial appear appearance in the New World in 1520 Alvarado alar and his exp expeditionary forced into Guatemala in 1523 Monte monteo in Yucatan in 1532 and pisado as well Jose Franco reminds us the Spaniards frequently use Negroes and Indians as shock troops in their own internal Wars still it seems they were as historically inconspicuous as the white slaves who shared their condition in the new world in the early 16th century in economic terms however there is was the first phase that would lead ultimately to the placement of Africans in the Indies noeva espania Peru Colombia Chile Venezuela Argentina but as I think people pronounce it like Argentina like without the AR Argentina Argentina artina I think that's how it's pronounced and as domestics Growers of sugar wheat grapes olives cacao miners of gold and silver craft workers blacksmiths cobblers brck brick masons Carpenters tailor Teamsters Cowboys Pearl divers and prostitutes they're consquence con their consequences though were not simply economic slave labor requires the elaboration of systems of control and discipline I'm going to provide a trigger warning for the rest of this passage because it you know yeah to trigger warning friends moreover the Intercourse of the several races extent in Spain's new possessions precipitated the formation of a rather complex racial codes and codifications the results were practical while being barbaric and absurd in Spanish America the Lash the stalk the tension and deprivation were standard me standard means by which unruly and defiant slaves were kept in line some Masters were known to have whipped their bondsmen to death While others Contin Contin to M mutilate their Dusky properties with hot branding irons even after the crown had prohibited this act worst of all were the vengeful sists who made their slaves eat extraen and drink urine castration and the subing of other limbs were common inlegal ad ban reports that some slave mulad were who were no longer phenotypically distinct from the ruling class had to be branded with Hot Irons in places where the insignia of servitude Would Not For a Moment be hidden the faces of many of them were completely covered with with branded Legends saying I'm the slave of seor Mel Marque de I'm the slave of Donna Frances wait francisa Kio de petrala such treatment and almost inevitably foul conditions in which most of them labored reduce the active work working lives of slaves to between 10 and 20 years years um black resistance the 16th century okay we'll do this one and then we'll pause for the next clip at first as a rule resistance among the enslaved Africans took the form of flight in to Native or Indian Indian settlements the not I don't know how to pronounce this no I need I need girlfriend not a picture oh notary notarial notarial AR tribe of the notarial AR tribe of the of the Mexican city of pbla De Los Angeles for example which is virtually complete from 1540 on is filled with the official reactions of mid-6th century runaways fugitives drew the drew the attention of her hernand Cortez as early as 1523 and the first general Uprising in noeva espania is thought to have occurred in 1537 some of these Africans however did not completely sever their contacts with the Spanish once freed by their own wits they returned to plague the Spanish colonists appropriating food clothes arms tools and even religious artifacts from the colonist towns or Villages and ran Ranch and ranch homes and from Travelers along the road connecting the ports and settlements once they armed themselves the Spanish would refer to these fugitives as simones okay it's in Spanish so it's like I think it's pronounced different so let's look it up there a tequila no okay oh in Panama too oh that's so cool that they from Panama who who were enslaved Africans who Escape their Spanish Masters how do you pronounce it though pronunciation simmeron simmeron simaron simaron Maron maroon simaron simaron the English would incorporate the term with their own language as Maroons in 1503 we recall oando who observed Ser subserved I oando had observed subversive activities along among hisp hispanas linos in the last month of 1522 ovando's prevision was realized fittingly enough slaves on the plantation of Diego Columbus the son of the Admiral revolted ooh killing some 15 colonist before they they were themselves captured and executed they this had been the occasion for the prohibition of future employment employ the of future employ of linos as slave labor in the colonies similar revolts had occurred in Puerto Rico in 1527 wait Puerto we're working on it Rico in 1527 Santa Marta Colombia in 1529 and Panama in 1531 back in Hispanola blacks had joined the native Uprising in 1533 resistance had continued for 10 years decades later Spanish authorities continued to be concerned about such events bis Roy Mar Martin Enriquez had written Philip II this is what he wrote it apparently no it appears our Majesty that the time is coming when these people will have become masters of the Indians in as much as they were born among them and their ma maidens and are men who dare to die as well as any Spaniard in the world but if the Indians become corrupt and join with them I do not know who will be in the positions to resist them it is evident that this Mischief will take place in several years soon however the fugitive slaves grew num numerous enough to begin the formation of their own settlements communities that came to be known in Mexico as blanes edar love recalls arier Bon's estimate that by 1579 some 2,000 blacks had escaped from their masters love goes on to indicate that if for more than a century the Escape slaves was a serious problem in many parts of Mexico David Davison writing in the third quarter of the century declares by the by the 1560s fugitive slaves from the minds of the north were terrorizing the regions from guadalahara to zakas I think I said that correctly let me know if I didn't allying allying with the Indians in raiding ranches in one case brooms from the minds of gu GH uh-uh Guana girl we're ready at 23 minutes we're just going to skip cuz we're at 23 minutes joined the unpacified chichim chii mech Indians in a brutal war with the settlers the visoy was informed that they were attacking Travelers burning ranches and committing similar misdeeds to the misdeeds period to the east slaves from the pachua mines took refuge in an in an unaccessible cave from which they sallied forth periodically to harass the countryside negro from the aono at t o n i l c o and Tav Vista mines joined them with arms and created an impregnable plank maroon the response of the representatives of the Spanish St was unequivocal between 1571 and 15744 Royal decrees detailing new systems of control and surveillance stipulating progressively harsher treatment of fugitives 50 lashes for 4 days ABS four 4 days absence 100 lashes and iron feeds for more than 8 Days absence death for those missing for 6 months commuted in some cases to castration yet neither the code of 1571 through 1574 nor the issuance of restrictive legislation in the 1570s and 18 in 1580s was to any Avail a this Regal order of 1579 revealed that the contagion of Revolt nearly covered the entire the entire settled area of the colonial out of the colony excuse me outside of Mexico City in particular the provinces of verac Cruz and Pano p a n u o and the area between oxac oh oaka I think I said that wrong o a x a C A and G in the Pacific coast and almost the whole of the Guan no Gran ch mea only emergency representative rep no excuse me only emergency repressive measures and the continued importation of Africans maintained Mexico's slave labor Supply nevertheless African resistance in Mexico continued to mature in form and character go black people go black people Hey cuz they said and that's the thing there's so like anytime there's a repressive me measure put in place the resistance gets bigger that's what it seems to be like like like these oppressive and repressive and vient and lethal acts don't Detter these people they're like oh bet oh bet we're a threat to a system resistance is the threat to the system so we going keep going and you're over there and I keep looking over here hey okay um the struggle against slavery was being transformed into a battle to preserve the collective identity of African peoples and that is the part that I love the most that's the most important not the most important part obviously but that's a really important part that I really love the struggle against slavery was being trans transferred into the battle to preserve the collective identity of African peoples [Music] star rather early 17th century according to official colonial documents at least one black community San Lorenzo de los Negros had acquired its right to Exist by War and treaty the terms of the truth as preserved in the archives including included 11 conditions stipulated by yanga upon which he and his people would cease their rating the African demanded that all of his people who fled before September of the past year 1608 be freed and promised that those who had escaped slavery after the date would be would be returned to their masters he further stipulated that the plank had given the status to of a free Town excuse me of a free town and that it has and that it have its own kab Cabo and a justia mayor who was to be a Spanish Layman no other Spaniards were to live in the town although they could visit on Market Days in return yanga promised that for a fee of the town that for a fee the town would Aid the visoy in capturing fugitive slaves the Negroes he said would Aid the crown in case of an external attack on Mexico in the mountains near Mount or Oris oraba I don't know o r i z a b a no o r i z a b a yeah led by the man called yanga reputedly a congales chief from an chief chief damn reputedly a congales chief from an African Kingdom bordered by the N nonga River the yos who had won the formal status as a free black settlement the mountains however seemed to promise much more security to some Yos than other C oh shoot C Kamon camones simones it's CI sron Simon then the words and treaties of their Spanish oppress oppressors throughout New Spain's planket plan Planet oh Planet plan plen palen palenques continued to multiply and with a still undermined frequency to give occasion for the establishment of official of officially recognized communities in a period between 1630 and 1635 for example an agreement was reached with Sim sarun Sim sarun sarun whose routts had been established in the mountains of Tula palmia tetes ketas t u m b a c a r r e t a s and to linga my papa asked me called I have to go to Safeway today I pop oh my pop was okay let me know we're getting vaccines together me and my papa my grandfather let me know my papa's my best friend y'all um and Toto linga near Vera Cruz the town of s Lorenzo s AIO became their free settlement in 1796 I want to go to all these places in Mexico everywhere I need to get my passport fixed but I want to go to all these places where black people were revolting and setting up free settlements and be like yes black people yes black people you know what I mean like that would be so cool in 17 oh wait in the town of San Lorenzo oh Sero I don't think I said that correctly became their free settlement in 1769 a similar history preceded the establishment of nestra seor seora De Guadalupe de los Morenos deia AA amapa I don't know if I said that correctly near the southern tip of the of the modern state of verac Cruz we have learned of their existence through quite Recent research into the early colonial history of New Spain in Colombia Colombia there revolts were detailed in 1530 1548 and again in the 1550s in 1552 Venezuela had its first first major slave revolt this rebellion of slaves who had worked in the minds of budya was defeated in 1555 damn five three years nevertheless by the beginning of the 17th century independent black communities with legal standing in the eyes of the state agents had begun to appear go black people go black people hey hey hey okay next is palz and the 17th century maroonage party that's in Brazil okay pause let me upload this