Qat as poison part 5 -by Dr. Ibrahim I. El-gorafi- 1983

foreign [Music] foreign [Music] ikawa nice land that is Malawi now Angi with my deji deza gaslan masawari shendua cultivation of cat besides being in a wild state of Ethiopia cut is also cultivated specially in the district of haral come on it's cultivated by the kyuku in Kenya and at one time was grown by a small settlement of when Mosey at koi Zinga and the Mercury Valley in the west of zumbaras tanjanika Tanzania at Amari in the east of us categoris was planted by the German in April 1930 at 1500 feet altitude in mixture with silky Oak Green Valley Robusta a Khan when measured in June 1947 it had reached a height of 45 feet with a circumference of two feet at breast height the trees are in good condition in spite of the relatively low altitude at which they are planted but several have produced more than one stem Cathay Euless has been successfully cultivated in Bombay and is established in Ceylon it has also been introduced into France and in the United States of America and grows well in the south of both these countries in southern Arabia it is cultivated at altitude between about five thousand and nine thousand feet on Mountain Terraces it's said to be grown from cuttings which are left to develop from three years for three years the leaves are then stripped or then trapped except those from a few buds which developed next year into young shoots these letters are cut and solved in branches under the name cut Mubarak next year on the branches cut back new shoots grow and these are removed and sold as cat Milani or second Year card which commands the highest price the bushes are then left to grow for three years with other accounts say that each plant produces three groups a year chemical pharmacology elucidation of the chemical nature of the mythologically active substances present in catha material has been periodically attempted Rock in 1887 repeated some earlier works and Hounds caffeine is not present however they did find the presence of a small amount of more basic material which later caffeine Marshall in 1891 separated a basic fraction as hydrochloride chloride in solution but was not able to crystallize this or any other salt he called his base fraction celestina and found its solution to exert a stimulant action on isolated frog heart injection of a minimal legal dose into a fructose dilation of the pupil okay some increased mother and respiratory activities then loss of coordination of movement and the Tremors of the extremities convulsions and rigidity of extremities and finally respiratory arrest resulted the pharmacological comparison by motion of the several effects with those of cocaine has been variously quoted later such quotation out of proper context have contributed to present-day illogical assertion of the presence of narcotic action among cat materials Peter in 191 presented chemical evidence that extractable based basic materials are indeed present he also noted the considerable qualities of the tannin tenants present as the characterized he characterized as being la like those present in Chinese and Indian team the basic material isolated has the characteristic of a strong base and he was able to obtain some hydrochloride hydrobromide and salicylic crystalline material however in quantities insufficient for complete chemical analysis 10 and 20 milligram injection of the base materials were observed to cause a paralysis in frauds the yield of beiges isolated was only not 0.034 percent in leads from Harrah and not 0.076 percent in lease from Aden the chemical pharmacology of Qatar was notably confused by the impact chemical work and reporting of pharmacologists Stockman in 1912. he countered to separate three fractions from making the extracts basic two of these finally in the form of crude crystalline sulfate materials the third fraction was insoluble in water when obtained by making alkaline a water extract of the plant these various preparation preparative fractions were not adequately defined either by details given of their isolated or by the analysis or properties of product obtained nevertheless Stockman gratitiously gave individual names to the accrued fractions and proceeded to report some effects observed with these named materials in animals his work was being variously being variously and uncertainly quoted since that time and his naming of Brazilian repeated as if they were definitive of chemical substance it remained four walks in 1930 to isolate and identify a pure base from the Kata plant material this followed the advance of ephedrine into Western medicine and wealth is found next through North Studio ephedrine plus minus Trio dash dash Amino dash 1 dash phenyl propionol one as an extractable base material in Qatar and methylation of this compound yield exposurephedrine stereoisomer of naturally occurring levo ephedrine dexterous as well as the extra Studio vidrine have been found present in some species of ephedra though walls established that dextro North Studio ephedrine was present in the unspecified cancer material used as possible amount and potential pharmacological activity were neither reported nor commented upon whether this substance might or might not be account for the use of cata plant material was not developed from the work done opinions based on the inadequate data have since been expressed on this question one bro considered that if all the base content established by Beta or that extra nor City with dream as most would be its Amendment would be quite inadequate to explain its stimulant activity on the other hand Hoffman and co-workers felt from their work on the effects of synthetic nortene isomer in meant that the presence of dextro nurses within in Casa material might explain its use it a recent review article places a emphasis on the responsibility or as yet undefined and identified chemical constituents being responsible now the further detail of the chemistry of the cat I find very complicated and it will not be of interest to you but who is interested to know these details he can go back to my article which was published by the rasat aliamania on three volumes volume 11 12 and 13. it was written as an articles divided to three parts each part in one of the rasat magazine volume and I shall mention the name the reference for this pharmacology book you can go back to it's called the medical and poisonous plants South Africa you can get it from University of Reading England and the East African agricultural Journal October 1947 page 9 and T8 and 102 article by PJ Greenway systemic botanist an Institute Amani and the East African medical journal January 1947 45 page 7 to 10. volume 22 number one page one two three and the Journal of medical and pharmacological chemistry volume 3 number 2 published 1961. chemical pharmacology of Cathedral is by Gordon a Alice and medieval threshold and Mark Jensen and the extra pharmacovia page 1513 so I'm going to cross over these stages who those who are interested in this Pharmacology can go to those references I have mentioned they talked a lot about it and perhaps those drug making companies can get use of this material [Music] now the subjective effects in men while in Ethiopia to obtain symbols for study Alice Spirit purchase and Akira of fresh Coda material in the market that consisted of two bunches each of 14 Branch ends with leaves and wrapped into the leaves of another plant to retain moisture during half an hour the edible leaves and the branch tips of mine branches ends were chewed and swallowed the weight of the nine plant pieces were was about 300 gram and two-thirds was eaten as being adequately subclined The Taking of this Coast notable alertness and resulted in unusually in